INTEL 8086 This chapter covers the Intel8086 in detail. Intel’s 32-bit microprocessors are based on the Intel 8086. Therefore, the 8086 provides an excellent educational tool for understanding Intel 32- and 64-bit microprocessors. Because the 8086 and its peripheral chips are inexpensive, the implementation costs of 8086-based systems are low. This makes the 8086 appropriate […]
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Posts by Farahat
Pipeline Processing , Basic Concepts , Arithmetic Pipelines and Instruction Pipelines
8.4.2 Pipeline Processing The purpose of this section is to provide a brief overview of pipelining. Basic Concepts Assume a task T is carried out by performing four activities: AI, A2, A3, and A4, in that order. Hardware Hi is designed to perform the activity Ai. Hi is referred to as a segment, and it […]
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Direct Memory Access (DMA) , Summary of I/O , Fundamentals of Parallel Processin and General Classifications of Computer Architectures
8.2.3 Direct Memory Access (DMA) Direct memory access (DMA) is a technique that transfers data between a microcomputer’s memory and an I/O device without involving the microprocessor. DMA is widely used in transferring large blocks of data between a peripheral device such as a hard disk and the microcomputer’s memory. The DMA technique uses a […]
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Input/Output , Programmed I/O , Interrupt I/O , Interrupt Types , Interrupt Address Vector , Saving the Microprocessor Registers and Interrupt Priorities
8.2 Input/Output One communicates with a microcomputer system via the I/O devices interfaced to it. The user can enter programs and data using the keyboard on a terminal and execute the programs to obtain results. Therefore, the I/O devices connected to a microcomputer system provide an efficient means of communication between the microcomputer and the […]
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Memory, I/O, and Parallel Processing : following example.
Example 8.2 Assume the following values for the system of Figure 8.14: Length of the virtual address field =32 bits Length of the segment number field = 12 bits Length of the page number field = 8 bits Length of the displacement field = 12 bits Now, determine the value of the physical address using […]
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Cache Memory Organization
Cache Memory Organization The performance of a microcomputer system can be significantly improved by introducing a small, expensive, but fast memory between the microprocessor and main memory. This memory is called "cache memory" and this idea was first introduced in the IBM 360/85 computer. Later on, this concept was also implemented in minicomputers such as […]
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Virtual Memory and Memory Management concepts
8.1.3 Virtual Memory and Memory Management concepts Due to the massive amount of information that must be saved in most systems, the mass storage device is often a disk. If each access is to a disk (even a hard disk), then system throughput will be reduced to unacceptable levels. An obvious solution is to use […]
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Memory, I/O, and parallel processing : memory organization , introduction and main memory array design
8.1 Memory Organization 8.1.1 Introduction A memory unit is an integral part of any microcomputer system, and its primary purpose is to hold instructions and data. The major design goal of a memory unit is to allow it to operate at a speed close to that of the processor. However, the cost of a memory […]
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QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 7.1 It is desired to implement the following instructions using block code: ADD, SUB, XOR, MOVE, HALT. Draw a block diagram. 7.2 The instruction length and the size of an address field are 9 bits and 3 bits respectively. Is it possible to have 6 two-address instructions 15 one-address instructions 8 zero-address […]
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Design of a Microprogrammed CPU
7.4 Design of a Microprogrammed CPU Next, the design of a microprogrammed processor is illustrated. The programming model of this processor is shown in Figure 7.52. The CPU contains two registers: 1. An 8-bit register A 2. A 2-bit flag register F The flag register holds only zero (Z) and carry (C) flags. All programs […]
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