Reliability Considerations
Electrical energy is transmitted from the point of generation to end users through a highly complex transmission and control system. This network consists of a grid of conductors with numerous embedded components. A typical system may consist of thousands of nodes. The network is further complicated by the interconnection of individual systems. These interconnected systems must be capable of supplying energy despite diverse and challenging physical conditions. Detailed reliability analysis is required to provide an acceptable level of performance to customers.
It is not uncommon for a utility system to experience load swings of as much as 150 MW/min, mainly the result of changing heavy industrial loads. Such fluctuations introduce a host of challenges to reliability engineers. Primary design requirements include:
• The ability to handle large, constantly changing load demands from customers.
• A strong power source to provide for high inrush currents typically experienced at industrial plants.
• Rapid and effective fault isolation. Failures in one part of the system should have minimal effect on other portions of the network.
Utility companies are meeting these goals with improved reliability analysis, more operating reserve, and computerized control systems. Rapid response to load changes and fault conditions is necessary to ensure reliable service to customers. Improved telemetry systems provide system controllers with more accurate information on the state of the network, and advanced computer control systems enable split- second decisions that minimize service disruptions.