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SPECIAL 80386 REGISTERS A new series of registers, not found in earlier Intel microprocessors, appears in the 80386 as control, debug, and test registers. Control registers CR0–CR3 control various features, DR0–DR7 facilitate debugging, and registers TR6 and TR7 are used to test paging and caching. Control Registers In addition to the EFLAGS and EIP as […]
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QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1. List the differences between the 8086/8088 and the 80186/80188 microprocessors. 2. What hardware enhancements are added to the 80186/80188 that are not present in the 8086/8088? 3. The 80186/80188 is packaged in what types of integrated circuits? 4. If the 20 MHz crystal is connected to Xl and X2, what frequency […]
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INTRODUCTION TO THE 80286 The 80286 microprocessor is an advanced version of the 8086 microprocessor that was designed for multiuser and multitasking environments. The 80286 addresses 16M bytes of physical memory and 1G bytes of virtual memory by using its memory-management system. This section of the text introduces the 80286 microprocessor, which finds use in […]
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SUMMARY 1. The 80186/80188 microprocessors contain the same basic instruction set as the 8086/8088 microprocessors, except that a few additional instructions are added. The 80186/80188 are thus enhanced versions of the 8086/8088 microprocessors. The new instructions include PUSHA, POPA, INS, OUTS, BOUND, ENTER, LEAVE, and immediate multiplication and shift/rotate counts. 2. Hardware enhancements to the […]
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REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS (RTOS) This section of the text describes the real-time operating system (RTOS). Interrupts are used to develop RTOSs because they are used in embedded applications of the microprocessor. All systems, from the simplest embedded application the most sophisticated system, must have an operating system. What Is a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)? The […]
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PROGRAMMING THE 80186/80188 ENHANCEMENTS This section provides detail on the programming and operation of the 80186/80188 enhancements of all versions (XL, EA, EB, and EC). The next section details the use of the 80C188EB in a system that uses many of the enhancements discussed here. The only new feature not discussed here is the clock […]
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80C188EB EXAMPLE INTERFACE Because the 80186/80188 microprocessors are designed as embedded controllers, this section of the text provides an example of such an application. The example illustrates simple memory and I/O attached to the 80C188EB microprocessor. It also lists the software required to program the 80C188EB and its internal registers after a system reset. Figure […]
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THE 80186, 80188, AND 80286 MICROPROCESSORS INTRODUCTION The Intel 80186/80188 and the 80286 are enhanced versions of the earlier versions of the 80X86 family of microprocessors. The 80186/80188 and 80286 are all 16-bit microprocessors that are upward-compatible to the 8086/8088. Even the hardware of these microprocessors is similar to the earlier versions. This chapter presents an […]
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QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1. The letters ISA are an acronym for what phrase? 2. The ISA bus system supports what size data transfers? 3. Is the ISA bus interface often used for memory expansion? 4. Develop an ISA bus interface that is decoded at addresses 310H–313H. This interface must contain an 8255 accessed via these […]
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ACCELERATED GRAPHICS PORT (AGP) The latest addition to most computer systems was the inclusion of the accelerated graphics port (AGP), until the PCI Express interface became available for video. The AGP operates at the bus clock frequency of the microprocessor. It is designed so that a transfer between the video card and the system memory […]
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