INTRODUCTION
Electric motors are so much a part of everyday life that we seldom give them a second thought. When we switch on an electric drill, for example, we con Wdently expect it to run rapidly up to the correct speed, and we do not question how it knows what speed to run at, or how it is that once enough energy has been drawn from the supply to bring it up to speed, the power drawn falls to a very low level. When we put the drill to work it draws more power, and when we Wnish the power drawn from the mains reduces automatically, without intervention on our part.
The humble motor, consisting of nothing more than an arrangement of copper coils and steel laminations, is clearly rather a clever energy converter, which warrants serious consideration. By gaining a basic understanding of how the motor works, we will be able to appreciate its potential and its limitations, and (in later chapters) see how its already remarkable performance can be further enhanced by the addition of external electronic controls.
This chapter deals with the basic mechanisms of motor operation, so readers who are already familiar with such matters as magnetic Xux, magnetic and electric circuits, torque, and motional e.m.f can probably aVord to skim over much of it. In the course of the discussion, however, several very important general principles and guidelines emerge. These apply to all types of motors and are summarised in Section 1.8. Experience shows that anyone who has a good grasp of these basic principles will be well equipped to weigh the pros and cons of the diVerent types of motor, so all readers are urged to absorb them before tackling other parts of the book.