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SUMMARY 1. The bus systems (ISA, PCI, and USB) allow I/O and memory systems to be interfaced to the personal computer. 2. The ISA bus is either 8 or 16 bits, and supports either memory or I/O transfers at rates of 8 MHz. 3. The PCI (peripheral component interconnect) supports 32- or 64-bit transfers between […]
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THE UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS (USB) The universal serial bus (USB) has solved a problem with the personal computer system. The current PCI sound cards use the internal PC power supply, which generates a tremendous amount of noise. Because the USB allows the sound card to have its own power supply, the noise associated with the […]
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THE SERIAL COM PORTS The serial communications ports are COM1–COM8 in older systems and may contain any number of ports in modern systems, but most computers only have COM1 and COM2 installed. Some have a single communication port (COM1). These ports are controlled and accessed in the DOS environment as described in Chapter 11 with […]
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THE PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE (LPT) The parallel printer interface (LPT) is located on the rear of the personal computer, and as long as it is a part of the PC, it can be used as an interface to the PC. LPT stands for line printer. The printer interface gives the user access to eight lines […]
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THE PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT (PCI) BUS The PCI (peripheral component interconnect) bus is virtually the only bus found in the newest Pentium 4 systems and just about all the Pentium systems. In all of the newer systems, the ISA bus still exists by special order, but as an interface for older 8-bit and 16-bit interface […]
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BUS INTERFACE INTRODUCTION Many applications require some knowledge of the bus systems located within the personal computer. At times, main boards from personal computers are used as core systems in industrial applications. These systems often require custom interfaces that are attached to one of the buses on the main board. This chapter presents the ISA […]
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QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1. List the three types of data that are loaded or stored in memory by the coprocessor. 2. List the three integer data types, the range of the integers stored in them, and the number of bits allotted to each. 3. Explain how a BCD number is stored in memory by the […]
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SUMMARY 1. The arithmetic coprocessor functions in parallel with the microprocessor. This means that the microprocessor and coprocessor can execute their respective instructions simultaneously. 2. The data types manipulated by the coprocessor include signed integer, floating-point, and binary-coded decimal (BCD). 3. Three forms of integers are used with the coprocessor: word (16 bits), short (32 […]
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INTRODUCTION TO SSE TECHNOLOGY The latest type of instruction added to the instruction set of the Pentium 4 is SIMD (single- instruction multiple data). As the name implies, a single instruction operates on multiple data in much the same way as do the MMX instructions, which are SIMD instructions that operate on multiple data. The […]
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INTRODUCTION TO MMX TECHNOLOGY The MMX1 (multimedia extensions) technology adds 57 new instructions to the instruction set of the Pentium–Pentium 4 microprocessors. The MMX technology also introduces new general- purpose instructions. The new MMX instructions are designed for applications such as motion video, combined graphics with video, image processing, audio synthesis, speech synthesis and compression, […]
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