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In this chapter we investigate the time response of a sampled data system and compare it with the response of a similar continuous system. In addition, the mapping between the s-domain and the z-domain is examined, the important time response characteristics of continuous systems are revised and their equivalents in the discrete domain are discussed. […]
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THE z-TRANSFORM Equation (6.7) defines an infinite series with powers of e−snT . The z-transform is defined so that i.e. the r (nT ) are the coefficients of this power series at different sampling instants. The z-transformation is used in sampled data systems just as the Laplace transformation is used in continuous-time systems. The response […]
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A sampled data system operates on discrete-time rather than continuous-time signals. A digital computer is used as the controller in such a system. A D/A converter is usually connected to the output of the computer to drive the plant. We will assume that all the signals enter and leave the computer at the same fixed […]
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PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS Historically, modular programming has been accepted as a good software design concept. Also known as structured programming, a software task is divided into smaller manageable tasks where each task is a self-contained piece of code, also called a module. Modules are then designed using well-known constructs for sequence, selection and iteration. Although […]
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HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS The development of a microcontroller based project requires hardware and software products. Hardware requirements generally depend on how complex the project is, but the following hardware products are normally required in almost all types of projects: • microcontroller programmer; • microcontroller development board or breadboard with the required components; • microcontroller […]
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PIC MICROCONTROLLER INPUT–OUTPUT INTERFACE A microcontroller communicates with the outside world using its input–output ports. These ports can be analog or digital. Analog ports are used to read data from analog devices, e.g. the voltage across a resistor. Digital ports are used to read data from digital devices, e.g. the state of a switch. Microcontroller […]
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Program Description Language (PDL) There are many methods that a programmer may choose to describe the algorithm to be implemented by a program. Flow charts have been used extensively in the past in many computer programming tasks. Although flow charts are useful, they tend to create an unstructured code and also a lot of time […]
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Structure of a Microcontroller-based C Program The structure of a C program developed for a microcontroller is basically the same as the structure of a standard C program, with a few minor changes. The structure of a typical microcontroller-based C program is shown in Fig. 2.1. It is always advisable to describe the project at […]
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The C programming language is a general-purpose high-level programming language that offers efficient and compact code and provides elements of structured programming. Many control and monitoring-based applications can be solved more efficiently with C than with any other programming language. C was originally available on mainframe computers, mini- computers, and personal computers (PCs). The C […]
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PROJECT 24 – A Simple Calculator Program Using the RS232 Port Function This is a simple calculator project based upon the 89C51 type microcontroller. The microcontroller is connected to an RS232 serial terminal. The user can perform simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of numbers using the microcontroller. Circuit Diagram This project is based upon […]
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