Uncategorized

COMPUTER DATA FORMATS Successful programming requires a precise understanding of data formats. In this section, many common computer data formats are described as they are used with the Intel family of micro- processors. Commonly, data appear as ASCII, Unicode, BCD, signed and unsigned integers, and floating-point numbers (real numbers). Other forms are available, but are […]
Continue reading…

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1. Who developed the Analytical Engine? 2. The 1890 census used a new device called a punched card. Who developed the punched card? 3. Who was the founder of IBM Corporation? 4. Who developed the first electronic calculator? 5. The first electronic computer system was developed for what purpose? 6. The first […]
Continue reading…

SUMMARY 1. The mechanical computer age began with the advent of the abacus in 500 B.C. This first mechanical calculator remained unchanged until 1642, when Blaise Pascal improved it. An early mechanical computer system was the Analytical Engine developed by Charles Babbage in 1823. Unfortunately, this machine never functioned because of the inability to create […]
Continue reading…

NUMBER SYSTEMS The use of the microprocessor requires a working knowledge of binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbering systems. This section of the text provides a background for those who are unfamiliar with these numbering systems. Conversions between decimal and binary, decimal and hexadecimal, and binary and hexadecimal are described. Digits Before numbers are converted from […]
Continue reading…

1–2                           THE MICROPROCESSOR-BASED PERSONAL COMPUTER SYSTEM   Computer systems have undergone many changes recently. Machines that once filled large areas have been reduced to small desktop computer systems because of the microprocessor. Although these desktop computers are compact, they possess computing power that was only dreamed of a few years ago. Million-dollar mainframe computer systems, […]
Continue reading…

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer                       INTRODUCTION   This chapter provides an overview of the Intel family of microprocessors. Included is a discus- sion of the history of computers and the function of the microprocessor in the microprocessor– based computer system. Also […]
Continue reading…

General Purpose I/O Ports • Port 0 whose lines can serve as either general purpose inputs or alternatively as input to the analog-to-digital converter family. • Port 1 is a quasi-bidirectional I/O port. • Port 2 includes four input lines, two output lines, and two quasi-bidirectional I/O lines. • Port 3 and 4 when used […]
Continue reading…

Architecture • The MCS-96 supports a complete instruction set which includes bit operations, byte operations, word operations, double-word operations (unsigned 32 bit), long operations (signed 32 bit), flag manipulations as well as jump and call instructions. • All the standard logical and arithmetic instructions function as both byte and word operations. • The jump bit […]
Continue reading…

Microcontroller Contents •Introduction •Inside 8051 •Instructions •Interfacing Introduction • Definition of a Microcontroller • Difference with a Microprocessor • Microcontroller is used where ever Definition • It is a single chip • Consists of Cpu, Memory • I/O ports, timers and other peripherals Difference Where ever • Small size • Low cost • Low power […]
Continue reading…

Module 4 learning unit 11: Data Types �Internally, all data operands are converted to the 80-bit temporary real format. We have 3 types. •Integer data type •Packed BCD data type •Real data type Coprocessor data types Integer Data Type Packed BCD Real data type Example Converting a decimal number into a Floating-point number. 1) Converting […]
Continue reading…