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BUS BUFFERING AND LATCHING Before the 8086/8088 microprocessors can be used with memory or I/O interfaces, their multiplexed buses must be demultiplexed. This section provides the detail required to demultiplex the buses and illustrates how the buses are buffered for very large systems. (Because the maximum fan-out is 10, the system must be buffered if […]
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8086/8088 HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the pin functions of both the 8086 and 8088 microprocessors are detailed and information is provided on the following hardware topics: clock generation, bus buffering, bus latching, timing, wait states, and minimum mode operation versus maximum mode operation. These simple microprocessors are explained first, because of their less […]
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CLOCK GENERATOR (8284A) This section describes the clock generator (8284A) and the RESET signal, and introduces the READY signal for the 8086/8088 microprocessors. (The READY signal and its associated circuitry are treated in detail in Section 9–5.) The 8284A Clock Generator The 8284A is an ancillary component to the 8086/8088 microprocessors. Without the clock gen- […]
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QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1. The assembler converts a source file to a(n) file. 2. What files are generated from the source file TEST.ASM if it is processed by ML.EXE? 3. The linker program links object files and files to create an execution file. 4. What does the PUBLIC directive indicate when placed in a program […]
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EXAMPLE PROGRAMS Now that many of the basic programming building blocks have been discussed, we present some example application programs. Although these example programs may seem trivial, they show some additional programming techniques and illustrate programming styles for the microprocessor. Time/Date Display Program Although this program does not use assembly language, it does demonstrate how […]
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SUMMARY 1. The assembler program (ML.EXE) assembles modules that contain PUBLIC variables and segments, plus EXTRN (external) variables. The linker program (LINK.EXE) links modules and library files to create a run-time program executed from the DOS command line. The run-time program usually has the extension EXE, but might contain the extension COM. 2. The MACRO […]
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DISK FILES Data are found stored on the disk in the form of files. The disk itself is organized in four main parts: the boot sector, the file allocation table (FAT), the root directory, and the data storage areas. The Windows NTFS (New Technology File System) contains a boot sector and a master file table […]
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DATA CONVERSIONS In computer systems, data are seldom in the correct form. One main task of the system is to convert data from one form to another. This section of the chapter describes conversions between binary and ASCII data. Binary data are removed from a register or memory and converted to ASCII for the video […]
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USING THE KEYBOARD AND VIDEO DISPLAY Today, there are few programs that don’t use the keyboard and video display. This section of the text explains how to use the keyboard and video display connected to the IBM PC or any compatible computer running under Windows. Reading the Keyboard The keyboard of the personal computer is […]
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PROGRAMMING THE MICROPROCESSOR INTRODUCTION This chapter develops programs and programming techniques using the inline assembler pro- gram from Visual C++ Express. The Visual C++ inline assembler has already been explained and demonstrated in prior chapters, but there are still more features to learn at this point. Some programming techniques explained in this chapter include assembly […]
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