5.2 Linking and Loading Most applications of any size will have a number of separately compiled or assembled modules. These modules may be generated by different programming languages or they may be present in a library provided as part of the programming language environment or operating system. Each module must provide the information described above, […]
Continue reading…
Principles of computer architecture
Languages and the machine: the assembly process
The Assembly Process The process of translating an assembly language program into a machine language program is referred to as the assembly process. The assembly process is straightforward and rather simple, since there is a straightforward one-to-one mapping of assembly language statements to their machine language counter- parts. This is in opposition to compilation, for […]
Continue reading…
Languages and the machine: the compilation process ( the steps of compilation, the compiler mapping specification, how the compiler maps the three instruction classes into assembly code, data movement, arithmetic instructionsand program control flow).
LANGUAGES AND THE MACHINE In the last chapter we looked at the relationship between the ISA, the assembly language, and machine language. We also saw in some detail how instructions effected register transfers and the movement of data between memory and the CPU, but we touched only briefly on the actual process of assembly and […]
Continue reading…
Summary of the instruction set architecture
■ SUMMARY In this chapter, we introduced the ARC ISA, and studied some general properties of ISAs. In the design of an instruction set, a balance must be struck between sys- tem performance and the characteristics of the technology in which the processor is implemented. Interaction between the CPU and the memory is a key […]
Continue reading…
The instruction set architecture : input and output in assembly language and case study: the java virtual machine Isa.
Input and Output in Assembly Language Finally, we come to ways in which an assembly language program can communicate with the outside world: input and output (I/O) activities. One way that communication between I/O devices and the rest of the machine can be handled is with special instructions, and with a special I/O bus reserved […]
Continue reading…
The instruction set architecture : accessing data in memory— addressing modes and subroutine linkage and stacks.
Accessing Data in Memory— Addressing Modes Up to this point, we have seen four ways of computing the address of a value in memory: (1) a constant value, known at assembly time, (2) the contents of a register, (3) the sum of two registers, and (4) the sum of a register and a constant. Table […]
Continue reading…
The instruction set architecture : examples of assembly language programs ( variations in machine architectures and addressing and performance of instruction set architectures).
Examples of Assembly Language Programs The process of writing an assembly language program is similar to the process of writing a high-level program, except that many of the details that are abstracted away in high-level programs are made explicit in assembly language programs. In this section, we take a look at two examples of ARC […]
Continue reading…
The instruction set architecture : pseudo- ops
Pseudo- Ops In addition to the ARC instructions that are supported by the architecture, there are also pseudo-operations (pseudo-ops) that are not opcodes at all, but rather instructions to the assembler to perform some action at assembly time. A list of pseudo-ops and examples of their usages are shown in Figure 4-12. Note that unlike […]
Continue reading…
The instruction set architecture : arc, a risc computer ( arc memory, arc instruction set, arc assembly language format, arc instruction formats, arc data formats and arc instruction descriptions).
ARC, A RISC Computer In the remainder of this chapter, we will study a model architecture that is based on the commercial Scalable Processor Architecture (SPARC) processor that was developed at Sun Microsystems in the mid-1980’s. The SPARC has become a popular architecture since its introduction, which is partly due to its “open” nature: the […]
Continue reading…
The instruction set architecture : hardware components of the instruction set arc hitecture ( the system bus model revisited, memory and the cpu).
THE INSTRUCTION SET ARCHITECTURE In this chapter we tackle a central topic in computer architecture: the language understood by the computer’s hardware, referred to as its machine language. The machine language is usually discussed in terms of its assembly language, which is functionally equivalent to the corresponding machine language except that the assembly language uses […]
Continue reading…