Union or Makeup Fittings
Union or makeup fittings (see Figure 8-3) are represented by union elbows and union tees. This type of pipe fitting combines both a union and an elbow or tee in a single unit. They are available with female or both male and female threads.
Flanges
Flanges (see Figure 8-3) are pipe fittings used to close flanged pipelines or fittings. They are manufactured in the form of cast-iron discs and are available in many sizes, thicknesses, and types.
Pipe Expansion
The linear expansion and contraction of pipe due to the surrounding air must be provided for (especially in the case of long lines) by suitable expansion joints, bends, or equivalent provisions.
In order to determine the amount of expansion or contraction in a pipeline, Table 8-8 shows the increase in length of a pipe 100 feet long at various temperatures.
The expansion for any length of pipe may be found by taking the difference in increased length at the minimum and maximum temperatures, dividing by 100, and multiplying by the length in feet of the line under consideration. See Table 8-8.
