The EMF and the Electromagnetic Torque of a D.C. Machine

The EMF and the Electromagnetic Torque of a D.C. Machine

For any d.c. machine the basic equations are those describing the emf induced in the armature winding and the electromagnetic torque produced by the interaction of the armature current with the main magnetic field of the machine.

As a conductor of the armature win­ding moves in the magnetic field under a pole (Fig. 1.14), the conductor cuts we magnetic lines of force, and this in­duces in it an emf given by

e₁ = IvB

where I is the active length of the con­ductor and v is the peripheral speed of «ie armature. FIGURE 1.14

The above equation defines the in­stantaneous emf which varies with changes in the magnetic induc­tion along the pole pitch. To find the average emf, we substitute in the above equation the average magnetic induction B_ay, that is °ne under a pole but averaged over the pole pitch

E_1,av = IvB_av

The peripheral speed v may be expressed in terms of the rotation­al speed n of the armature (in rpm), the pole pitch ז. and the number of poles 2p

v = חDn/60

חD = ז X 2p

where D is the diameter of the armature core Therefore,

v = 2pnז/60

and

E_1,av = ιז X 2pnB_av/60

Noting that ιז = A_pole is the area of a pole pitch (see Fig. 1.14) and A_poleB_av = Φ is ihe magnetic flux per pole, we obtain

E_1,av = 2pnΦ/60

The armature winding consists of N active conductors. The brush­es divide the winding into 2a parallel circuits. Thus, each parallel path contains N/2a series-connected active conductors. The armature emf is the emf of one parallel circuit, and this is equal to the sum of the emfs induced in the conductors that make up the parallel path. Hence, the armature emf is

E_arm = E_1,avN/2a

Or

E_arm = (p/a) NΦ(n/60) = c_EΦn

where c is the constant of the winding.

In a motor, this emf acts against the current, and so it is called the counter-emf.

The armature emf can be adjusted by varying the magnetic flux or the speed (rpm) of the armature.

When a d.c. machine is operating as a generator, the interaction of the armature current with the main magnetic field produces a braking torque which is overcome by the prime mover. When a d.c. machine is operating as a motor, the interaction of the armature current with the main magnetic field produces a driving torque. The direction of energy transfer is different in the two modes of operation, but the origin of the electromagnetic torque acting on the armature is the same.

Each of the N armature-wind ing active conductors located under the poles of a machine is acted upon by a force ƒ = ιBI. The sum of the forces constituting the electromagnetic torque applied to the armature

or, using the average magnetic induction under a pole,

T_EM = (D/2) NιB_avI

On expressing the circumference of the armature in terms of the pole pitch, חD = 2pז , and on replacing Bavιז = Φ , we obtain

T_EM = pNΦI/ח

Finally, on replacing the current / in one conducto total armature current I_arm = I X 2a, we get

T_EM = (1/2_ח) (p/a) NΦI_arm = c_TΦI_arm

where c_T = c_E X 60/2ח is the torque constant of a given machine.