CIRCUIT BREAKERS:THEORY OF CIRCUIT INTERRUPTION AND PHYSICS OF ARC PHENOMENA

THEORY OF CIRCUIT INTERRUPTION

A circuit breaker is a device that switches on and switches off electric circuits during normal as well as abnormal operating conditions. During the making or breaking of the switching contacts, there is a transition stage of arcing between the contacts. The study of this phenomenon is of great importance for understanding the design and operational char- acteristics of circuit breakers.

PHYSICS OF ARC PHENOMENA

Discharge in ac circuit breakers, generally in the form of an arc, occurs in the following ways:

1. When the contacts are being separated, arcing is possible even when the circuit emf is considerably below the minimum cold electrode breakdown voltage, because of the large local increase in voltage due to the circuit self-inductance.

Note: This way of drawing arc is common to both dc and ac circuit breakers.

2. In an ac circuit breaker, the arc is extinguished every time the current passes through zero and can restrike only if the transient recovery voltage across the electrodes already separated and continuing to separate reaches a sufficiently high value known as the breakdown voltage.

The arc phenomenon depends upon

● The nature and pressure P of the medium

● The external ionizing and deionizing agents present

● The voltage V across the electrodes and its variation with time

● The nature, shape, and separation of electrodes

● The nature and shape of the vessel and its position in relation to the electrodes

An ideal gas is a pure dielectric because it consists of molecules which are electrically neutral. It can be made to conduct only when some means are employed to create free elec- trons and ions in the gas.

When the gas temperature increases significantly, the molecules start to break down at the most severe collisions and dissociate into their atoms. Energies of 9.7 eV and 5.1 eV, respectively, are needed to dissociate an N2 and an O2 molecule.

At higher temperatures, some molecules and atoms are deprived of an electron and the hot gas called plasma becomes a conductor.

Figures 19.1 and 19.2 show the variation of the degree of dissociation xd, the degree of ionization xi, thermal conductivity K, and electrical conductivity with temperature.

Note: The free electrons which are caused by high temperature can carry an electric current under an electric field in roughly the same way as do the free electrons in a metal (the elec- trical conductivity of a metal is due to the existence within it of free conductivity electrons).

Arc Interruption Theory

In circuit breakers, the modes of arc interruption are high-resistance interruption and low- resistance or current zero interruption.

High-Resistance Interruption

The arc is controlled in such a way that its effective resistance increases with time, resulting in a decrease in current until it cannot be maintained. The arc resistance can be increased by lengthening, cooling, and splitting the arc.

Low-Resistance or Current Zero Interruption

In an alternating current, every time the current passes through zero, the arc extinguishes for a brief moment and again restrikes with the rising current. The reestablishment or interruption of the arc is an energy balance process.

If the energy input to the arc, subsequent to the current zero, continues to increase, the arc restrikes; if not, the circuit is interrupted.

Environmental sensors:Air purity

Generator characteristic:Uses of D.C. Generators

HOW MICROCOMPUTERS WORK:A WORD ABOUT SOFTWARE

Electrical Measurements—Meters:types of Meters

Summary Of Calculators for Electricity and Electronics

Introduction to Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting and Testing the DC Machine

Cables and Cable Termination:Fixing Devices

Temperature sensors and thermal transducers:Liquid and gas expansion

Feedback Control Theory Continued:Proof of Nyquist Stability Criterion

INVERTER-FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES:CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS FOR INVERTER-FED DRIVES