{"id":9,"date":"2015-09-08T13:59:00","date_gmt":"2015-09-08T13:59:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2015-10-08T07:03:15","modified_gmt":"2015-10-08T07:03:15","slug":"mpeg-encodingintra-frame-spatial-prediction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/mpeg-encodingintra-frame-spatial-prediction\/","title":{"rendered":"MPEG encoding:Intra-frame (spatial) prediction."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"hrojf6a0dad70424cb\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 250,\n\t\t'width' : 300,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.hrojf6a0dad70424cb {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.hrojf6a0dad70424cb {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.hrojf6a0dad70424cb {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.hrojf6a0dad70424cb {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.hrojf6a0dad70424cb {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<h4 align=\"justify\">Intra-frame (spatial) prediction<\/h4>\n<p align=\"justify\">One of the main innovations of AVC is the introduction of intra-frame (within a frame) prediction. <i>Intra-p<\/i><i>r<\/i><i>edictio<\/i><i>n <\/i>as it is more commonly known, is used where inter-prediction cannot be used, namely on the I frame. It is applied to all three components: Y, CR and CB. Intra-prediction makes use of the fact that adjacent blocks within a single frame display a degree of similarities. A block is predicted using data of previously scanned block or blocks of the same frame.  <\/p>\n<h4 align=\"justify\">Intra-blocks and modes<\/h4>\n<p align=\"justify\">For the luminance samples, intra-prediction may be carried on each 4 X 4 sub-block or for a 16 X 16 macroblock. The process involves copying pixel values of previously coded blocks (sub-blocks or macroblocks) into the current block. Since block coding is performed in a raster scan order (left to right, top to bottom); the previously encoded blocks used for intra- prediction are those above and to the left of the block being predicted as illustrated in Figure 5.1, namely:  <\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u25cf the lower pixel row of the block immediately above: A, B, C, D;  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u25cf the left pixel column of the block immediately to the left: I, J, K, L;  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u25cf the lower pixel row of the block above and to the right: E, F, G, H;  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u25cf lower right pixel of the block above and to the left (M).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\">There are a total of nine prediction modes for each 4 X 4 luma block; four modes for a 16 X 16 luma block; and one mode that is always applied to each 4 X 4 chroma block. For example 4 X 4 luma Mode 0 (vertical) copies  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/High-definition-television-0534_thum.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"High definition television-0534\" border=\"0\" alt=\"High definition television-0534\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/High-definition-television-0534_thum-300x300.jpg\" width=\"364\" height=\"364\" \/><\/a>  <\/p><div class=\"xcucp6a0dad70425f6\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- 300x600 television-and-video -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:600px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"6549443290\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.xcucp6a0dad70425f6 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.xcucp6a0dad70425f6 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.xcucp6a0dad70425f6 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.xcucp6a0dad70425f6 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.xcucp6a0dad70425f6 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"mktqn6a0dad704256f\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 300,\n\t\t'width' : 160,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.mktqn6a0dad704256f {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.mktqn6a0dad704256f {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.mktqn6a0dad704256f {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.mktqn6a0dad704256f {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.mktqn6a0dad704256f {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<p align=\"justify\">lower pixel line of block above (A B C D) to all pixel lines in current block as shown in Figure 5.2. This mode may be used in a picture with a left to right gradient (Figure 5.3).  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Mode 1 (horizontal) copies the rightmost column of the block to the left (I J K L) suitable for a picture with a left to right gradient (Figure 5.4).  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">In Mode 2 (DC or average) Pixels values of previous blocks A B C D E F G H I J K L are averaged and the average (DC) value is copied in all 16 locations of the predicted block as illustrated in Figure 5.5 where P is the calculated average.  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">The other modes are: Mode 3 (diagonal down-left); Mode 4 (diagonal down-right); Mode 5 (vertical-right); Mode 6 (horizontal-down); Mode 7 (vertical-left) and Mode 8 (horizontal-up).  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">For a 16 X 16 block, only four modes are available: vertical (mode 0), horizontal (mode 1), DC (mode 2) and plane. Plane mode is a refinement to the DC mode which looks for change in the horizontal brightness in the top row and left column to work out the average value.  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/High-definition-television-0535_thum.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"High definition television-0535\" border=\"0\" alt=\"High definition television-0535\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/High-definition-television-0535_thum-215x300.jpg\" width=\"347\" height=\"484\" \/><\/a>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<p align=\"justify\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Intra-frame (spatial) prediction One of the main innovations of AVC is the introduction of intra-frame (within a frame) prediction. Intra-prediction as it is more commonly known, is used where inter-prediction cannot be used, namely on the I frame. It is applied to all three components: Y, CR and CB. Intra-prediction makes use of the fact [&hellip;]<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/mpeg-encodingintra-frame-spatial-prediction\/\" class=\"more-link\" >Continue reading&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":460,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"views":896,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":462,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9\/revisions\/462"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/460"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}