{"id":416,"date":"2015-08-06T14:46:00","date_gmt":"2015-08-06T14:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/uncategorized\/tv-cameras-and-analogue-colour-encodingcamera-section-block-diagram\/"},"modified":"2015-08-06T14:46:00","modified_gmt":"2015-08-06T14:46:00","slug":"tv-cameras-and-analogue-colour-encodingcamera-section-block-diagram","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/tv-cameras-and-analogue-colour-encodingcamera-section-block-diagram\/","title":{"rendered":"TV CAMERAS AND ANALOGUE COLOUR ENCODING:CAMERA SECTION BLOCK DIAGRAM."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"utyka6a0dbb7e0ce95\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 250,\n\t\t'width' : 300,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.utyka6a0dbb7e0ce95 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.utyka6a0dbb7e0ce95 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.utyka6a0dbb7e0ce95 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.utyka6a0dbb7e0ce95 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.utyka6a0dbb7e0ce95 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<h3 align=\"justify\"><em>CAMERA SECTION BLOCK DIAGRAM<\/em><\/h3>\n<p align=\"justify\">Fig. 6.11 shows the processing stages in a video\/TV camera or the camera section of a camcorder. Starting at the left, the lens has two drive motors, for zoom and focus. The former is under user control via a rocker switch or in\/out keys. The focus lens is also adjustable by the user, either directly or via the focus motor in a servo loop. In auto-focus mode the focus motor servo loop is driven by a microprocessor-controlled section, here based on the sharpness of the luminance signal waveform. Two \ufb01lters are placed in front of the <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/-zkV8tXXk1GA\/VcNzKszJVzI\/AAAAAAAB0Yk\/srQyQDrGUFc\/s1600-h\/TV%252520CAMERAS%252520AND%252520ANALOGUE%252520COLOUR%252520ENCODING-0096%25255B2%25255D.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"TV CAMERAS AND ANALOGUE COLOUR ENCODING-0096\" border=\"0\" alt=\"TV CAMERAS AND ANALOGUE COLOUR ENCODING-0096\" src=\"http:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/-HCsYn74vEmQ\/VcNzMGTk0MI\/AAAAAAAB0Ys\/VCBNBX816Xk\/TV%252520CAMERAS%252520AND%252520ANALOGUE%252520COLOUR%252520ENCODING-0096_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800\" width=\"142\" height=\"244\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/-Hieeeh7QWnc\/VcNzOPMyZDI\/AAAAAAAB0Y0\/SSqt6kXrSjc\/s1600-h\/TV%252520CAMERAS%252520AND%252520ANALOGUE%252520COLOUR%252520ENCODING-0097%25255B2%25255D.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"TV CAMERAS AND ANALOGUE COLOUR ENCODING-0097\" border=\"0\" alt=\"TV CAMERAS AND ANALOGUE COLOUR ENCODING-0097\" src=\"http:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/-k4_tS1-83h4\/VcNzPkbNzSI\/AAAAAAAB0Y8\/0IwNIGVEbN4\/TV%252520CAMERAS%252520AND%252520ANALOGUE%252520COLOUR%252520ENCODING-0097_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800\" width=\"244\" height=\"142\" \/><\/a> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">CCD image sensor: an infra-red-cut type to prevent the image being affected by heat and below-visible wavelength emission from the subject in view; and a \u2018crystal\u2019 \ufb01lter which limits the image definition (spectral response) to forestall interference and \u2018beat\u2019 effects in the televised image. The CCD sensor is driven and serviced by its drive chip, from which it receives the drive and transfer pulses described earlier in connection with Figs 5.17 and 5.18. <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">The luminance path is similar to that shown in Fig. 6.3, though here the luminance Y signal passes directly to the recording electron- ics as well as to an encoder to provide an E\u2212E (Electronics to Electronics) composite signal at the camcorder\u2019s video-out socket. In this design the mosaic \ufb01lter on the sensor faceplate is made of magenta\/cyan\/yellow\/green dots, permitting a relatively simple colour recovery system on a 2-line basis. Initially the chroma signals are separated off by the two sample-and-hold detectors working on SP1 and SP2 pulses from the CCD driver. Auto white balance (see below) is carried out by a dedicated microprocessor using the video signal itself, with gain-correction being carried out via the ampli\ufb01ers in the chrominance process circuit. Colour separation into B\u2212Y and R\u2212Y signals is based on the use of a 64 \u03bcs delay line, a double-pole, double- throw electronic switch and an inverting ampli\ufb01er, here shown on the right of the diagram. On their way to the recording section of the camcorder \u2013 and the PAL encoder \u2013 titles, composed by the user, are added. <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">This camcorder does not use resistive or capacitative presets in its camera (or most other) sections. Instead each process is set up and controlled by data stored in an EEPROM and distributed as a serial datastream; the commands are D\u2212A converted on the spot. More details of this control technology are given in Chapter 22. <\/p><div class=\"qotut6a0dbb7e0d052\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- 300x600 television-and-video -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:600px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"6549443290\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.qotut6a0dbb7e0d052 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.qotut6a0dbb7e0d052 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.qotut6a0dbb7e0d052 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.qotut6a0dbb7e0d052 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.qotut6a0dbb7e0d052 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"bozag6a0dbb7e0cf80\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 300,\n\t\t'width' : 160,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.bozag6a0dbb7e0cf80 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.bozag6a0dbb7e0cf80 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.bozag6a0dbb7e0cf80 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.bozag6a0dbb7e0cf80 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.bozag6a0dbb7e0cf80 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<h4 align=\"justify\">Digital image processing<\/h4>\n<p align=\"justify\">Although digital (DVC format) camcorders will be discussed in Chapter 19, it is more convenient to deal here with those analogue- format (derivatives of VHS and 8 mm) video cameras which use digital processing in their signal paths. Immediately after the CCD- sensor signal has been \ufb01ltered and a.g.c.-controlled it is converted to a 10-bit (Y + C) or 8Y + 8C digital datastream. Inside a \u2018camera- core\u2019 chip all the necessary processing \u2013 contour-enhancement, white- balance, gamma-correction, encoding etc. \u2013 is carried out entirely in the digital realm, producing (after D\u2212A conversion and \ufb01ltering) Y and C signals for passage to the recording deck and PAL encoder. The process is governed by a microprocessor. <\/p>\n<h4 align=\"justify\">Digital zoom and \u2018steady-shot\u2019<\/h4>\n<p align=\"justify\">The incorporation of a complete digital \ufb01eld memory store, whether or not the signal processing is based on digital techniques, permits two useful features: digital picture zoom and camera-shake compensation. Picture zoom is achieved by scanning the \ufb01eld memory area selectively, i.e. con\ufb01ning the real-time readout to a small area of the image \ufb01eld store. By this means individual pixels are \u2018blown-up\u2019 to give the effect of magni\ufb01cation, though it does not enlarge detail in the same way as optical zoom. <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">If the picture written into the \ufb01eld store is made larger than is required to ful\ufb01l the camera\u2019s de\ufb01nition and optical speci\ufb01cations, an anti-shake feature can be provided by providing pitch (vertical) and yaw (horizontal) motion sensors within the camera body. Their outputs, representing G-forces, are used to control the memory-read address-generators in such a way as to provide shake-compensation, encroaching into the normally masked \u2018margins\u2019 of the picture- memory area as necessary. The same effect is achieved by similar means in other designs by providing a larger-than-necessary image sensor chip and having the motion sensors govern the timing of the \u2018scan\u2019 pulses from the CCD-drive IC to \ufb02oat the read-out picture about, within limits, on the surface of the image-sensor itself. <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Early forms of anti-shake technology involved a physical correc- tor in the shape of an oil-\ufb01lled bellows-effect prism lens inside the optical block. These arti\ufb01ces have become necessary as camcorders have shrunk in size and weight and been given longer zoom lenses: the human hands that hold them tend to tremble, one of the many physiological factors for which technology has to cater.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CAMERA SECTION BLOCK DIAGRAM Fig. 6.11 shows the processing stages in a video\/TV camera or the camera section of a camcorder. Starting at the left, the lens has two drive motors, for zoom and focus. The former is under user control via a rocker switch or in\/out keys. The focus lens is also adjustable by [&hellip;]<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/tv-cameras-and-analogue-colour-encodingcamera-section-block-diagram\/\" class=\"more-link\" >Continue reading&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"views":1286,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/416"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=416"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/416\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=416"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/video-equipment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}