{"id":3454,"date":"2016-03-27T10:28:40","date_gmt":"2016-03-27T10:28:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/?p=3454"},"modified":"2016-03-27T10:28:40","modified_gmt":"2016-03-27T10:28:40","slug":"natural-convectionequation-of-motion-and-the-grashof-number","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/natural-convectionequation-of-motion-and-the-grashof-number\/","title":{"rendered":"NATURAL CONVECTION:EQUATION OF MOTION AND THE GRASHOF NUMBER"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"pcnbc6a0dae1748096\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 250,\n\t\t'width' : 300,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.pcnbc6a0dae1748096 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.pcnbc6a0dae1748096 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.pcnbc6a0dae1748096 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.pcnbc6a0dae1748096 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.pcnbc6a0dae1748096 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b>EQU<\/b><b>A<\/b><b>TIO<\/b><b>N OF MOTION AND THE GRASHOF<\/b><b> <\/b><b>NUMBER<\/b><\/font>  <\/p>\n<h5 align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">In this section we derive the equation of motion that governs the natural convection flow in laminar boundary layer. The conservation of mass and energy equations derived in Chap. 6 for forced convection are also applicable for natural convection, but the momentum equation needs to be modified to incorporate buoyancy.<\/font><\/h5>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Consider a vertical hot flat plate immersed in a quiescent fluid body. We assume the natural convection flow to be steady, laminar, and two-dimensional, and the fluid to be Newtonian with constant properties, including density, with one exception: the density difference rroo is to be considered since it is this density difference between the inside and the outside of the boundary layer that gives rise to buoyancy force and sustains flow. (This is known as the <i>Boussinesq approximation.<\/i>) We take the upward direction along the plate to be <i>x, <\/i>and the direction normal to surface to be <i>y, <\/i>as shown in Fig. 20\u20136. There- fore, gravity acts in the &#8211;<i>x<\/i>-direction. Noting that the flow is steady and two-<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0475.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0475\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0475\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0475_thumb.jpg\" width=\"156\" height=\"484\"><\/a><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">dimensional, the <i>x<\/i>&#8211; and <i>y<\/i>-components of velocity within boundary layer are <\/font><font size=\"5\"><i>u <\/i>= <i>u<\/i>(<i>x<\/i><i>, y<\/i>) and \u03c5 = \u03c5(<i>x<\/i><i>, y<\/i>), respectively.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<h5 align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The velocity and temperature profiles for natural convection over a vertical <\/font><font size=\"5\">hot plate are also shown in Fig. 20\u20136. Note that as in forced convection, the thickness of the boundary layer increases in the flow direction. Unlike forced convection, however, the fluid velocity is <i>zero <\/i>at the outer edge of the velocity boundary layer as well as at the surface of the plate. This is expected since the fluid beyond the boundary layer is motionless. Thus, the fluid velocity in- creases with distance from the surface, reaches a maximum, and gradually de- creases to zero at a distance sufficiently far from the surface. At the surface, the fluid temperature is equal to the plate temperature, and gradually de- creases to the temperature of the surrounding fluid at a distance sufficiently far from the surface, as shown in the figure. In the case of <i>cold surfaces, <\/i>the shape of the velocity and temperature profiles remains the same but their direction is reversed.<\/font><\/h5>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Consider a differential volume element of height <i>dx, <\/i>length <i>dy, <\/i>and unit <\/font><font size=\"5\">depth in the <i>z<\/i>-direction (normal to the paper) for analysis. The forces acting on this volume element are shown in Fig. 20\u20137. Newton\u2019s second law of motion for this control volume can be expressed as <\/font><font size=\"5\">Typical velocity and temperature profiles for natural convection flow over a hot vertical plate at temperature <i>T<\/i><i>s <\/i>inserted in a fluid at temperature <i>T<\/i>oo.<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0476.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0476\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0476\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0476_thumb.jpg\" width=\"361\" height=\"132\"><\/a><\/font><font size=\"5\">The forces acting on the differential volume element in the vertical direction <\/font><font size=\"5\">are the pressure forces acting on the top and bottom surfaces, the shear stresses acting on the side surfaces (the normal stresses acting on the top and bottom surfaces are small and are disregarded), and the force of gravity acting on the entire volume element. Then the net surface force acting in the <i>x<\/i>-direction becomes<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0477.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0477\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0477\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0477_thumb.jpg\" width=\"371\" height=\"215\"><\/a><\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">which is simply the relation for the variation of hydrostatic pressure in a quiescent fluid with height, as expected. Also, noting that \u03c5 \ufffd <i>u <\/i>in the boundary layer and thus a\u03c5\/a<i>x <\/i>= a\u03c5\/a<i>y <\/i>= 0, and that there are no body forces (including gravity) in the <i>y<\/i>-direction, the force balance in that direction gives a<i>P<\/i>\/a<i>y <\/i>= 0. That is, the variation of pressure in the direction normal to the surface is negligible, and for a given <i>x <\/i>the pressure in the boundary layer is equal to the pressure in the quiescent fluid. Therefore, <i>P <\/i>= <i>P<\/i>(<i>x<\/i>) = <i>P<\/i>oo(<i>x<\/i>) and a<i>P<\/i>\/a<i>x <\/i>= a<i>P<\/i>oo\/a<i>x <\/i>= -roo<i>g. <\/i>Substituting into Eq. 20\u201310,<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0478.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0478\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0478\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0478_thumb.jpg\" width=\"296\" height=\"38\"><\/a><\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The last term represents the net upward force per unit volume of the fluid (the difference between the buoyant force and the fluid weight). This is the force that initiates and sustains convection currents.<\/font>  <\/p><div class=\"plerd6a0dae17482e0\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 300,\n\t\t'width' : 160,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.plerd6a0dae17482e0 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.plerd6a0dae17482e0 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.plerd6a0dae17482e0 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.plerd6a0dae17482e0 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.plerd6a0dae17482e0 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"ezbgq6a0dae17481b4\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- 300x600 hydraulics-and-pneumatics -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:600px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"3735577695\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.ezbgq6a0dae17481b4 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.ezbgq6a0dae17481b4 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.ezbgq6a0dae17481b4 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.ezbgq6a0dae17481b4 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.ezbgq6a0dae17481b4 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">From Eq. 20\u20135, we have roo &#8211; r = rb(<i>T <\/i>&#8211; <i>T<\/i>oo). Substituting it into the last equation and dividing both sides by r gives the desired form of the <i>x<\/i>-momentum equation,<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0479.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0479\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0479\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0479_thumb.jpg\" width=\"167\" height=\"218\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0480.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0480\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0480\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0480_thumb.jpg\" width=\"274\" height=\"39\"><\/a><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">This is the equation that governs the fluid motion in the boundary layer due to the effect of buoyancy. Note that the momentum equation involves the temperature, and thus the momentum and energy equations must be solved simultaneously.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The set of three partial differential equations (the continuity, momentum, and the energy equations) that govern natural convection flow over vertical isothermal plates can be reduced to a set of two ordinary nonlinear differential equations by the introduction of a similarity variable. But the resulting equations must still be solved numerically [Ostrach (1953)]. Interested readers are referred to advanced books on the topic for detailed discussions [e.g., Kays and Crawford (1993)].<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b>Th<\/b><b>e Grashof Number<\/b><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The governing equations of natural convection and the boundary conditions <\/font><font size=\"5\">can be nondimensionalized by dividing all dependent and independent variables by suitable constant quantities: all lengths by a characteristic length <i>L<\/i><i>c <\/i><i>, <\/i>all velocities by an arbitrary reference velocity &#8216;V (which, from the definition of Reynolds number, is taken to be &#8216;V = Re<i>L <\/i>\u03c5\/<i>L<\/i><i>c<\/i>), and temperature by a suit- able temperature difference (which is taken to be <i>T<\/i><i>s <\/i>&#8211; <i>T<\/i>oo) as<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0481.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0481\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0481\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0481_thumb.jpg\" width=\"396\" height=\"270\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0482.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0482\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0482\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0482_thumb.jpg\" width=\"177\" height=\"248\"><\/a><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">We mentioned in the preceding chapters that the flow regime in forced convection is governed by the dimensionless <i>Reynold<\/i><i>s number, <\/i>which represents the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces acting on the fluid. The flow regime in natural convection is governed by the dimensionless <i>Grashof number, <\/i>which represents the ratio of the <i>buoyanc<\/i><i>y force <\/i>to the <i>viscou<\/i><i>s force <\/i>acting on the fluid (Fig. 20\u20138).<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The role played by the Reynolds number in forced convection is played by the Grashof number in natural convection. As such, the Grashof number pro- vides the main criterion in determining whether the fluid flow is laminar or turbulent in natural convection. For vertical plates, for example, the critical Grashof number is observed to be about 10 9. Therefore, the flow regime on a vertical plate becomes <i>turbulen<\/i><i>t <\/i>at Grashof numbers greater than 109.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">When a surface is subjected to external flow, the problem involves both natural and forced convection. The relative importance of each mode of heat transfer is determined by the value of the coefficient Gr<i>L <\/i>\/Re 2: Natural con- vection effects are negligible if Gr<i>L <\/i>\/Re<i>L <\/i>\ufffd 1, free convection dominates and the forced convection effects are negligible if Gr<i>L<\/i>\/Re<i>L <\/i><\/font><font size=\"5\">are significant and must be considered if Gr<i>L <\/i>\/Re 2<\/font><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>EQUATION OF MOTION AND THE GRASHOF NUMBER In this section we derive the equation of motion that governs the natural convection flow in laminar boundary layer. The conservation of mass and energy equations derived in Chap. 6 for forced convection are also applicable for natural convection, but the momentum equation needs to be modified to [&hellip;]<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/natural-convectionequation-of-motion-and-the-grashof-number\/\" class=\"more-link\" >Continue reading&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3454"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3454"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3454\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3455,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3454\/revisions\/3455"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3454"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3454"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3454"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}