{"id":3321,"date":"2016-03-27T09:45:22","date_gmt":"2016-03-27T09:45:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/?p=3321"},"modified":"2016-03-27T09:45:22","modified_gmt":"2016-03-27T09:45:22","slug":"forced-convectionthermal-boundary-layer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/forced-convectionthermal-boundary-layer\/","title":{"rendered":"FORCED CONVECTION:THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"csuie6a0dae16716e9\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 250,\n\t\t'width' : 300,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.csuie6a0dae16716e9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.csuie6a0dae16716e9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.csuie6a0dae16716e9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.csuie6a0dae16716e9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.csuie6a0dae16716e9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<h3 align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b>THERMA<\/b><b>L BOUNDARY LAYER<\/b><\/font><\/h3>\n<h5 align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">We have seen in Chap. 15 that a velocity boundary layer develops when a fluid flows over a surface as a result of the fluid layer adjacent to the surface assuming the surface velocity (i.e., zero velocity relative to the surface). Also, we defined the velocity boundary layer as the region in which the fluid velocity varies from zero to 0.99<i>V<\/i>. Likewise, a <i>therma<\/i><i>l boundary layer <\/i>develops when a fluid at a specified temperature flows over a surface that is at a different temperature, as shown in Fig. 19\u20137.<\/font><\/h5>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Consider the flow of a fluid at a uniform temperature of <i>T<\/i>oo over an isothermal flat plate at temperature <i>T<\/i><i>s<\/i><i>. <\/i>The fluid particles in the layer adjacent to the surface will reach thermal equilibrium with the plate and assume the surface temperature <i>T<\/i><i>s<\/i><i>. <\/i>These fluid particles will then exchange energy with the pa<\/font><font size=\"5\">ticles in the adjoining-fluid layer, and so on. As a result, a temperature profile will develop in the flow field that ranges from <i>T<\/i><i>s <\/i>at the surface to <i>T<\/i>oo sufficiently far from the surface. The flow region over the surface in which the temperature variation in the direction normal to the surface is significant is the <b>therma<\/b><b>l boundary layer. <\/b>The <i>thicknes<\/i><i>s <\/i>of the thermal boundary layer d<i>t <\/i>at any location along the surface is defined as <i>th<\/i><i>e distance from the surface at which the temperature difference T <\/i>&#8211; <i>T<\/i><i>s <\/i><i>equals <\/i>0.99(<i>T<\/i>oo &#8211; <i>T<\/i><i>s<\/i>). Note that for the special case of <i>T<\/i><i>s <\/i>= 0, we have <i>T <\/i>= 0.99<i>T<\/i>oo at the outer edge of the ther- mal boundary layer, which is analogous to <i>u <\/i>= 0.99<i>V <\/i>for the velocity boundary layer.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The thickness of the thermal boundary layer increases in the flow direction, since the effects of heat transfer are felt at greater distances from the surface further downstream.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The convection heat transfer rate anywhere along the surface is directly related to the temperature gradient at that location. Therefore, the shape of the temperature profile in the thermal boundary layer dictates the convection heat transfer between a solid surface and the fluid flowing over it. In flow over a heated (or cooled) surface, both velocity and thermal boundary layers will develop simultaneously. Noting that the fluid velocity will have a strong influence on the temperature profile, the development of the velocity boundary layer relative to the thermal boundary layer will have a strong effect on the convection heat transfer.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b>Prandt<\/b><b>l Number<\/b><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The relative thickness of the velocity and the thermal boundary layers is best <\/font><font size=\"5\">described by the <i>dimensionless <\/i>parameter <b>Prandtl number, <\/b>defined as<\/font>  <\/p><div class=\"fogph6a0dae16718ad\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 300,\n\t\t'width' : 160,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.fogph6a0dae16718ad {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.fogph6a0dae16718ad {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.fogph6a0dae16718ad {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.fogph6a0dae16718ad {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.fogph6a0dae16718ad {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"vwyxq6a0dae16717c1\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- 300x600 hydraulics-and-pneumatics -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:600px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"3735577695\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.vwyxq6a0dae16717c1 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.vwyxq6a0dae16717c1 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.vwyxq6a0dae16717c1 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.vwyxq6a0dae16717c1 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.vwyxq6a0dae16717c1 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/FORCED-CONVECTION-0392.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"FORCED CONVECTION-0392\" border=\"0\" alt=\"FORCED CONVECTION-0392\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/FORCED-CONVECTION-0392_thumb.jpg\" width=\"190\" height=\"203\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/FORCED-CONVECTION-0393.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"FORCED CONVECTION-0393\" border=\"0\" alt=\"FORCED CONVECTION-0393\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/FORCED-CONVECTION-0393_thumb.jpg\" width=\"281\" height=\"37\"><\/a><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">It is named after Ludwig Prandtl, who introduced the concept of boundary layer in 1904 and made significant contributions to boundary layer theory.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The Prandtl numbers of fluids range from less than 0.01 for liquid metals to more than 100,000 for heavy oils (Table 19\u20131). Note that the Prandtl number is in the order of 10 for water.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The Prandtl numbers of gases are about 1, which indicates that both momentum and heat dissipate through the fluid at about the same rate. Heat diffuses very quickly in liquid metals (Pr \ufffd 1) and very slowly in oils (Pr \ufffd 1) relative to momentum. Consequently the thermal boundary layer is much thicker for liquid metals and much thinner for oils relative to the velocity boundary layer.<\/font><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>THERMAL BOUNDARY LAYER We have seen in Chap. 15 that a velocity boundary layer develops when a fluid flows over a surface as a result of the fluid layer adjacent to the surface assuming the surface velocity (i.e., zero velocity relative to the surface). Also, we defined the velocity boundary layer as the region in [&hellip;]<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/forced-convectionthermal-boundary-layer\/\" class=\"more-link\" >Continue reading&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3321"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3321"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3321\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3323,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3321\/revisions\/3323"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3321"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3321"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3321"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}