{"id":3303,"date":"2016-03-22T21:29:32","date_gmt":"2016-03-22T21:29:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/?p=3303"},"modified":"2016-03-22T21:29:32","modified_gmt":"2016-03-22T21:29:32","slug":"natural-convectionphysical-mechanism-of-natural-convection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/natural-convectionphysical-mechanism-of-natural-convection\/","title":{"rendered":"NATURAL CONVECTION:PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF NATURAL CONVECTION"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"geafb6a0dae153896b\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 250,\n\t\t'width' : 300,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.geafb6a0dae153896b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.geafb6a0dae153896b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.geafb6a0dae153896b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.geafb6a0dae153896b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.geafb6a0dae153896b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">In Chap. 19, we considered heat transfer by <i>forced convection, <\/i>where a fluid was <i>forced <\/i>to move over a surface or in a tube by external means such as a pump or a fan. In this chapter, we consider <i>natural convection, <\/i>where any fluid motion occurs by natural means such as buoyancy. The fluid motion in forced convection is quite <i>noticeable, <\/i>since a fan or a pump can transfer enough momentum to the fluid to move it in a certain direction. The fluid motion in natural convection, however, is often not noticeable because of the low <\/font><font size=\"5\">velocities involved.<\/font><\/div>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The convection heat transfer coefficient is a strong function of <i>velocity: <\/i>the higher the velocity, the higher the convection heat transfer coefficient. The fluid velocities associated with natural convection are low, typically less than 1 m\/s. Therefore, the heat transfer coefficients encountered in natural convection are usually much lower than those encountered in forced convection. Yet several types of heat transfer equipment are designed to operate under natural convection conditions instead of forced convection, because natural convection does not require the use of a fluid mover.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">We start this chapter with a discussion of the physical mechanism of <i>natural convection <\/i>and the <i>Grashof number. <\/i>We then present the correlations to evaluate heat transfer by natural convection for various geometries, including finned surfaces and enclosures. Finally, we discuss simultaneous forced and natural convection.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u25a0 <b>PHYSICA<\/b><b>L MECHANISM OF NATURAL<\/b><b> <\/b><b>CONVECTION<\/b><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"5\">Many familiar heat transfer applications involve natural convection as the primary mechanism of heat transfer. Some examples are cooling of electronic equipment such as power transistors, TVs, and VCRs; heat transfer from elec- tric baseboard heaters or steam radiators; heat transfer from the refrigeration coils and power transmission lines; and heat transfer from the bodies of animals and human beings. Natural convection in gases is usually accompanied by radiation of comparable magnitude except for low-emissivity surfaces.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">We know that a hot boiled egg (or a hot baked potato) on a plate eventually cools to the surrounding air temperature (Fig. 20\u20131). The egg is cooled by transferring heat by convection to the air and by radiation to the surrounding surfaces. Disregarding heat transfer by radiation, the physical mechanism of cooling a hot egg (or any hot object) in a cooler environment can be explained as follows:<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">As soon as the hot egg is exposed to cooler air, the temperature of the outer surface of the egg shell will drop somewhat, and the temperature of the air adjacent to the shell will rise as a result of heat conduction from the shell to the air. Consequently, the egg will soon be surrounded by a thin layer of warmer air, and heat will then be transferred from this warmer layer to the outer lay<\/font><font size=\"5\">ers of air. The cooling process in this case would be rather slow since the egg <\/font><font size=\"5\">would always be blanketed by warm air, and it would have no direct contact with the cooler air farther away. We may not notice any air motion in the vicinity of the egg, but careful measurements indicate otherwise.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The temperature of the air adjacent to the egg is higher, and thus its density is lower, since at constant pressure the density of a gas is inversely proportional to its temperature. Thus, we have a situation in which some low-density or \u201clight\u201d gas is surrounded by a high-density or \u201cheavy\u201d gas, and the natural laws dictate that <i>the light gas rise. <\/i>This is no different than the oil in a vine- gar-and-oil salad dressing rising to the top (since roil &lt; rvinegar). This phe- nomenon is characterized incorrectly by the phrase \u201cheat rises,\u201d which is understood to mean <i>heated air rises. <\/i>The space vacated by the warmer air in<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">the vicinity of the egg is replaced by the cooler air nearby, and the presence of cooler air in the vicinity of the egg speeds up the cooling process. The rise of warmer air and the flow of cooler air into its place continues until the egg is cooled to the temperature of the surrounding air. The motion that results from the continual replacement of the heated air in the vicinity of the egg by the cooler air nearby is called a <b>natural convection current, <\/b>and the heat transfer that is enhanced as a result of this natural convection current is called <b>natural convection heat transfer. <\/b>Note that in the absence of natural convection currents, heat transfer from the egg to the air surrounding it would be by conduction only, and the rate of heat transfer from the egg would be much lower.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Natural convection is just as effective in the heating of cold surfaces in a warmer environment as it is in the cooling of hot surfaces in a cooler environment, as shown in Fig. 20\u20132. Note that the direction of fluid motion is reversed in this case.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">In a gravitational field, there is a net force that pushes upward a light fluid placed in a heavier fluid. The upward force exerted by a fluid on a body<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0469.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0469\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0469\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0469_thumb.jpg\" width=\"172\" height=\"484\"><\/a><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">completely or partially immersed in it is called the <b>buoyanc<\/b><b>y force. <\/b>The magnitude of the buoyancy force is equal to the weight of the <i>fluid displaced <\/i>by the body. That is,<a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0470.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0470\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0470\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0470_thumb.jpg\" width=\"238\" height=\"25\"><\/a><\/font>  <\/p><div class=\"oxfhr6a0dae1538bc9\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 300,\n\t\t'width' : 160,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.oxfhr6a0dae1538bc9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.oxfhr6a0dae1538bc9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.oxfhr6a0dae1538bc9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.oxfhr6a0dae1538bc9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.oxfhr6a0dae1538bc9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"lwhcy6a0dae1538a93\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- 300x600 hydraulics-and-pneumatics -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:600px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"3735577695\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.lwhcy6a0dae1538a93 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.lwhcy6a0dae1538a93 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.lwhcy6a0dae1538a93 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.lwhcy6a0dae1538a93 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.lwhcy6a0dae1538a93 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">where rfluid is the average density of the <i>flui<\/i><i>d <\/i>(not the body), <i>g <\/i>is the gravitational acceleration, and <i>V<\/i>body is the volume of the portion of the body immersed in the fluid (for bodies completely immersed in the fluid, it is the total volume of the body). In the absence of other forces, the net vertical force acting on a body is the difference between the weight of the body and the buoyancy force. That is,<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0471.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0471\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0471\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0471_thumb.jpg\" width=\"256\" height=\"52\"><\/a><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Note that this force is proportional to the difference in the densities of the fluid and the body immersed in it. Thus, a body immersed in a fluid will experience a \u201cweight loss\u201d in an amount equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. This is known as <i>A<\/i><i>r<\/i><i>chimedes<\/i><i>\u2019 principle.<\/i><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">To have a better understanding of the buoyancy effect, consider an egg dropped into water. If the average density of the egg is greater than the density of water (a sign of freshness), the egg will settle at the bottom of the container. Otherwise, it will rise to the top. When the density of the egg equals the <\/font><font size=\"5\">density of water, the egg will settle somewhere in the water while remaining <\/font><font size=\"5\">completely immersed, acting like a \u201cweightless object\u201d in space. This occurs when the upward buoyancy force acting on the egg equals the weight of the egg, which acts downward.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The <i>buoyancy effect <\/i>has far-reaching implications in life. For one thing, without buoyancy, heat transfer between a hot (or cold) surface and the fluid surrounding it would be by <i>conduction <\/i>instead of by <i>natural convection. <\/i>The natural convection currents encountered in the oceans, lakes, and the atmos- phere owe their existence to buoyancy. Also, light boats as well as heavy war- ships made of steel float on water because of buoyancy (Fig. 20\u20133). Ships are designed on the basis of the principle that the entire weight of a ship and its contents is equal to the weight of the water that the submerged volume of the ship can contain. The \u201cchimney effect\u201d that induces the upward flow of hot combustion gases through a chimney is also due to the buoyancy effect, and the upward force acting on the gases in the chimney is proportional to the difference between the densities of the hot gases in the chimney and the cooler air outside. Note that there is <i>no gravity <\/i>in space, and thus there can be no natural convection heat transfer in a spacecraft, even if the spacecraft is filled with atmospheric air.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">In heat transfer studies, the primary variable is <i>temperature, <\/i>and it is desirable to express the net buoyancy force (Eq. 20\u20132) in terms of temperature differences. But this requires expressing the density difference in terms of a temperature difference, which requires a knowledge of a property that represents the <i>variation of the density of a fluid with temperature at constant pressure. The property that provides that information is the <\/i><b>volume expansion coefficient <\/b>b, defined as (Fig. 20\u20134)<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0472.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0472\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0472\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0472_thumb.jpg\" width=\"175\" height=\"484\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0473.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0473\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0473\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0473_thumb.jpg\" width=\"291\" height=\"40\"><\/a><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">In natural convection studies, the condition of the fluid sufficiently far from the hot or cold surface is indicated by the subscript \u201cinfinity\u201d to serve as a re- minder that this is the value at a distance where the presence of the surface is not felt. In such cases, the volume expansion coefficient can be expressed approximately by replacing differential quantities by differences as<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0474.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0474\" border=\"0\" alt=\"NATURAL CONVECTION-0474\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/NATURAL-CONVECTION-0474_thumb.jpg\" width=\"379\" height=\"150\"><\/a><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">where <i>T <\/i>is the <i>absolut<\/i><i>e <\/i>temperature. Note that a large value of b for a fluid means a large change in density with temperature, and that the product b !:<i>T <\/i>represents the fraction of volume change of a fluid that corresponds to a tem- perature change !:<i>T <\/i>at constant pressure. Also note that the buoyancy force is proportional to the <i>densit<\/i><i>y difference, <\/i>which is proportional to the <i>temperatu<\/i><i>r<\/i><i>e difference <\/i>at constant pressure. Therefore, the larger the temperature differ- ence between the fluid adjacent to a hot (or cold) surface and the fluid away from it, the <i>la<\/i><i>r<\/i><i>ge<\/i><i>r <\/i>the buoyancy force and the <i>st<\/i><i>r<\/i><i>onge<\/i><i>r <\/i>the natural convection currents, and thus the <i>highe<\/i><i>r <\/i>the heat transfer rate.<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The magnitude of the natural convection heat transfer between a surface and a fluid is directly related to the <i>flow rate <\/i>of the fluid. The higher the flow rate, the higher the heat transfer rate. In fact, it is the very high flow rates that in- crease the heat transfer coefficient by orders of magnitude when forced convection is used. In natural convection, no blowers are used, and therefore the flow rate cannot be controlled externally. The flow rate in this case is established by the dynamic balance of <i>buoyancy <\/i>and <i>friction.<\/i><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">As we have discussed earlier, the buoyancy force is caused by the density difference between the heated (or cooled) fluid adjacent to the surface and the fluid surrounding it, and is proportional to this density difference and the volume occupied by the warmer fluid. It is also well known that whenever two bodies in contact (solid\u2013solid, solid\u2013fluid, or fluid\u2013fluid) move relative to each other, a <i>friction force <\/i>develops at the contact surface in the direction opposite to that of the motion. This opposing force slows down the fluid and thus reduces the flow rate of the fluid. Under steady conditions, the airflow rate driven by buoyancy is established at the point where these two effects <i>balance <\/i>each other. The friction force increases as more and more solid surfaces are introduced, seriously disrupting the fluid flow and heat transfer. For that reason, heat sinks with closely spaced fins are not suitable for natural convection cooling.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Most heat transfer correlations in natural convection are based on experimental measurements. The instrument often used in natural convection <\/font><font size=\"5\">experiments is the <i>Mach\u2013Zehnde<\/i><i>r interferometer, <\/i>which gives a plot of isotherms in the fluid in the vicinity of a surface. The operation principle of interferometers is based on the fact that at low pressure, the lines of constant temperature for a gas correspond to the lines of constant density, and that the index of refraction of a gas is a function of its density. Therefore, the degree of refraction of light at some point in a gas is a measure of the temperature gradient at that point. An interferometer produces a map of interference fringes, which can be interpreted as lines of <i>constan<\/i><i>t temperature <\/i>as shown in Fig. 20\u20135. The smooth and parallel lines in (<i>a<\/i>) indicate that the flow is <i>lamina<\/i><i>r<\/i><i>, <\/i>whereas the eddies and irregularities in (<i>b<\/i>) indicate that the flow is <i>turbulent. <\/i>Note that the lines are closest near the surface, indicating a <i>higher temperature gradient.<\/i><\/font><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Chap. 19, we considered heat transfer by forced convection, where a fluid was forced to move over a surface or in a tube by external means such as a pump or a fan. In this chapter, we consider natural convection, where any fluid motion occurs by natural means such as buoyancy. The fluid motion [&hellip;]<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/natural-convectionphysical-mechanism-of-natural-convection\/\" class=\"more-link\" >Continue reading&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3303"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3303"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3303\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3305,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3303\/revisions\/3305"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3303"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3303"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3303"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}