{"id":3262,"date":"2016-03-22T21:17:28","date_gmt":"2016-03-22T21:17:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/?p=3262"},"modified":"2016-03-22T21:17:28","modified_gmt":"2016-03-22T21:17:28","slug":"radiation-heat-transferthe-view-factor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/radiation-heat-transferthe-view-factor\/","title":{"rendered":"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER:THE VIEW FACTOR"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wxjtf6a0dae0203e60\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 250,\n\t\t'width' : 300,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.wxjtf6a0dae0203e60 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.wxjtf6a0dae0203e60 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.wxjtf6a0dae0203e60 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.wxjtf6a0dae0203e60 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.wxjtf6a0dae0203e60 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">In Chapter 21, we considered the fundamental aspects of radiation and the radiation properties of surfaces. We are now in a position to consider radiation exchange between two or more surfaces, which is the primary <\/font><font size=\"5\">quantity of interest in most radiation problems.<\/font><\/div>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">We start this chapter with a discussion of view factors and the rules associated with them. View factor expressions and charts for some common configurations are given, and the crossed-strings method is presented. We then discuss radiation heat transfer, first between black surfaces and then between nonblack surfaces using the radiation network approach. We continue with radiation shields and discuss the radiation effect on temperature measurements and comfort. Finally, we consider gas radiation, and discuss the effective emissivities and absorptivities of gas bodies of various shapes. We also dis- cuss radiation exchange between the walls of combustion chambers and the high-temperature emitting and absorbing combustion gases inside.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u25a0 <b>TH<\/b><b>E VIEW FACTOR<\/b><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"5\">Radiation heat transfer between surfaces depends on the <i>orientatio<\/i><i>n <\/i>of the surfaces relative to each other as well as their radiation properties and tem- peratures, as illustrated in Fig. 22\u20131. For example, a camper will make the most use of a campfire on a cold night by standing as close to the fire as possible and by blocking as much of the radiation coming from the fire by turn- ing her front to the fire instead of her side. Likewise, a person will maximize the amount of solar radiation incident on him and take a sunbath by lying <\/font><font size=\"5\">down on his back instead of standing up on his feet.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">To account for the effects of orientation on radiation heat transfer between two surfaces, we define a new parameter called the <i>view factor, <\/i>which is a purely geometric quantity and is independent of the surface properties and temperature. It is also called the <i>shape factor, configuration factor, <\/i>and <i>angle factor. <\/i>The view factor based on the assumption that the surfaces are diffuse emitters and diffuse reflectors is called the <i>diffuse view factor, <\/i>and the view factor based on the assumption that the surfaces are diffuse emitters but specular reflectors is called the <i>specular view factor. <\/i>In this book, we will consider radiation exchange between diffuse surfaces only, and thus the term <i>view fac- tor <\/i>will simply mean <i>diffuse view factor.<\/i><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The view factor from a surface <i>i <\/i>to a surface <i>j <\/i>is denoted by <\/font><font size=\"5\">and is defined as<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0021.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0021\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0021\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0021_thumb.jpg\" width=\"137\" height=\"484\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0022.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0022\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0022\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0022_thumb.jpg\" width=\"334\" height=\"30\"><\/a><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The notation <i>F<\/i><i>i <\/i>\u00ae <i>j <\/i>is instructive for beginners, since it emphasizes that the view factor is for radiation that travels from surface <i>i <\/i>to surface <i>j. <\/i>However, this notation becomes rather awkward when it has to be used many times in a problem. In such cases, it is convenient to replace it by its <i>shorthan<\/i><i>d <\/i>version <i>F<\/i><i>ij<\/i>.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Therefore, the view factor <i>F<\/i>12 represents the fraction of radiation leaving surface 1 that strikes surface 2 directly, and <i>F<\/i>21 represents the fraction of the radiation leaving surface 2 that strikes surface 1 directly. Note that the radia- tion that strikes a surface does not need to be absorbed by that surface. Also, radiation that strikes a surface after being reflected by other surfaces is not considered in the evaluation of view factors.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">To develop a general expression for the view factor, consider two differential surfaces <i>dA<\/i>1 and <i>dA<\/i>2 on two arbitrarily oriented surfaces <i>A<\/i>1 and <i>A<\/i>2, respectively, as shown in Fig. 22\u20132. The distance between <i>dA<\/i>1 and <i>dA<\/i>2 is <i>r, <\/i>and the angles between the normals of the surfaces and the line that connects <i>dA<\/i>1 and <i>d<\/i><i>A<\/i>2 are u1 and u2, respectively. Surface 1 emits and reflects radiation dif- fusely in all directions with a constant intensity of <i>I<\/i>1, and the solid angle sub- tended by <i>dA<\/i>2 when viewed by <i>dA<\/i>1 is <i>d<\/i>v21.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The rate at which radiation leaves <i>dA<\/i>1 in the direction of u1 is <i>I<\/i>1 cos u1<i>d<\/i><i>A<\/i>1. Noting that <i>d<\/i>v21 = <i>dA<\/i>2 cos u2 \/<i>r <\/i>2, the portion of this radiation that strikes <i>dA<\/i>2 is<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0023.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0023\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0023\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0023_thumb.jpg\" width=\"351\" height=\"82\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0024.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0024\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0024\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0024_thumb.jpg\" width=\"315\" height=\"484\"><\/a><\/font>  <\/p><div class=\"zxfra6a0dae020409d\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 300,\n\t\t'width' : 160,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.zxfra6a0dae020409d {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.zxfra6a0dae020409d {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.zxfra6a0dae020409d {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.zxfra6a0dae020409d {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.zxfra6a0dae020409d {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"cwygy6a0dae0203f70\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- 300x600 hydraulics-and-pneumatics -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:600px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"3735577695\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.cwygy6a0dae0203f70 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.cwygy6a0dae0203f70 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.cwygy6a0dae0203f70 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.cwygy6a0dae0203f70 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.cwygy6a0dae0203f70 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Note that <i>I<\/i>1 is constant but <i>r<\/i><i>, <\/i>u1, and u2 are variables. Also, integrations can be performed in any order since the integration limits are constants. These rela<\/font><font size=\"5\">tions confirm that the view factor between two surfaces depends on their relative orientation and the distance between them.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Combining Eqs. 22\u20138 and 22\u20139 after multiplying the former by <i>A<\/i>1 and the latter by <i>A<\/i>2 gives<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0026.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0026\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0026\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0026_thumb.jpg\" width=\"172\" height=\"484\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0025.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0025\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0025\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0025_thumb.jpg\" width=\"234\" height=\"28\"><\/a><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b><\/b><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"5\">which is known as the <b>r<\/b><b>ecip<\/b><b>r<\/b><b>ocit<\/b><b>y relation <\/b>for view factors. It allows the calculation of a view factor from a knowledge of the other.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The view factor relations developed above are applicable to any two surfaces <i>i <\/i>and <i>j <\/i>provided that the surfaces are diffuse emitters and diffuse reflectors (so that the assumption of constant intensity is valid). For the special case of <i>j <\/i>= <i>i<\/i><i>, <\/i>we have&nbsp; <\/font><font size=\"5\">Noting that in the absence of strong electromagnetic fields radiation beams travel in straight paths, the view factor from a surface to itself will be zero un<\/font><font size=\"5\">less the surface \u201csees\u201d itself. Therefore, <i>F<\/i><i>i <\/i>\u00ae <i>i <\/i>= 0 for <i>plane <\/i>or <i>convex <\/i>surfaces and <i>F<\/i><i>i <\/i>\u00ae <i>i <\/i>* 0 for concave surfaces, as illustrated in Fig. 22\u20133.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The value of the view factor ranges between <i>zero <\/i>and <i>one. <\/i>The limiting case <i>F<\/i><i>i <\/i>\u00ae <i>j <\/i>= 0 indicates that the two surfaces do not have a direct view of each other, and thus radiation leaving surface <i>i <\/i>cannot strike surface <i>j <\/i>directly. The other limiting case <i>F<\/i><i>i <\/i>\u00ae <i>j <\/i>= 1 indicates that surface <i>j <\/i>completely surrounds sur- face <i>i<\/i>, so that the entire radiation leaving surface <i>i <\/i>is intercepted by surface <i>j. <\/i>For example, in a geometry consisting of two concentric spheres, the entire radiation leaving the surface of the smaller sphere (surface 1) will strike the larger sphere (surface 2), and thus <i>F<\/i>1 \u00ae 2 = 1, as illustrated in Fig. 22\u20134.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The view factor has proven to be very useful in radiation analysis because it allows us to express the <i>fraction of radiation <\/i>leaving a surface that strikes an- other surface in terms of the orientation of these two surfaces relative to each other. The underlying assumption in this process is that the radiation a surface receives from a source is directly proportional to the angle the surface sub- tends when viewed from the source. This would be the case only if the radiation coming off the source is <i>uniform <\/i>in all directions throughout its surface and the medium between the surfaces does not <i>absorb, emit, <\/i>or <i>scatter <\/i>radiation. That is, it will be the case when the surfaces are <i>isothermal <\/i>and <i>diffus<\/i><i>e <\/i>emitters and reflectors and the surfaces are separated by a <i>non- participating <\/i>medium such as a vacuum or air.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The view factor <i>F<\/i>1 \u00ae 2 between two surfaces <i>A<\/i>1 and <i>A<\/i>2 can be determined in a systematic manner first by expressing the view factor between two differential areas <i>dA<\/i>1 and <i>dA<\/i>2 in terms of the spatial variables and then by performing the necessary integrations. However, this approach is not practical, since, even for simple geometries, the resulting integrations are usually very complex and difficult to perform.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">View factors for hundreds of common geometries are evaluated and the re- sults are given in analytical, graphical, and tabular form in several publica- tions. View factors for selected geometries are given in Tables 22\u20131 and 22\u20132 in <i>analytical <\/i>form and in Figs. 22\u20135 to 22\u20138 in <i>graphical <\/i>form. The view<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0027.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-right-width: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0027\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0027\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0027_thumb.jpg\" width=\"376\" height=\"444\"><\/a><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">factors in Table 22\u20131 are for three-dimensional geometries. The view factors in Table 22\u20132, on the other hand, are for geometries that are <i>infinitel<\/i><i>y long <\/i>in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the paper and are therefore two-dimensional.<\/font><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Chapter 21, we considered the fundamental aspects of radiation and the radiation properties of surfaces. We are now in a position to consider radiation exchange between two or more surfaces, which is the primary quantity of interest in most radiation problems. We start this chapter with a discussion of view factors and the rules [&hellip;]<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/radiation-heat-transferthe-view-factor\/\" class=\"more-link\" >Continue reading&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3262"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3262"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3262\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3264,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3262\/revisions\/3264"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3262"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3262"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3262"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}