{"id":3146,"date":"2016-03-22T18:50:24","date_gmt":"2016-03-22T18:50:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/?p=3146"},"modified":"2016-03-22T18:50:24","modified_gmt":"2016-03-22T18:50:24","slug":"heat-exchangersthe-effectivenessntu-method","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/heat-exchangersthe-effectivenessntu-method\/","title":{"rendered":"HEAT EXCHANGERS:THE EFFECTIVENESS&ndash;NTU METHOD"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"oypac6a0dbcb2e325c\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 250,\n\t\t'width' : 300,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.oypac6a0dbcb2e325c {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.oypac6a0dbcb2e325c {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.oypac6a0dbcb2e325c {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.oypac6a0dbcb2e325c {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.oypac6a0dbcb2e325c {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<h3 align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u25a0 <b>TH<\/b><b>E EFFECTIVENESS\u2013NTU METHOD<\/b><\/font><\/h3>\n<h5 align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method discussed in Section 23\u20134 is easy to use in heat exchanger analysis when the inlet and the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids are known or can be determined from an energy balance. Once \/},<i>T<\/i>lm, the mass flow rates, and the overall heat transfer coefficient are available, the heat transfer surface area of the heat ex- changer can be determined from<\/font><\/h5>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><\/font><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"5\">Therefore, the LMTD method is very suitable for determining the <i>size <\/i>of a heat exchanger to realize prescribed outlet temperatures when the mass flow rates and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids are specified.<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">With the LMTD method, the task is to <i>select <\/i>a heat exchanger that will meet the prescribed heat transfer requirements. The procedure to be followed by the selection process is:<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b>1. <\/b>Select the type of heat exchanger suitable for the application.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b>2. <\/b>Determine any unknown inlet or outlet temperature and the heat transfer rate using an energy balance.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b>3. <\/b>Calculate the log mean temperature difference \/},<i>T<\/i>lm and the correction factor <i>F<\/i>, if necessary.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b>4. <\/b>Obtain (select or calculate) the value of the overall heat transfer co- efficient <i>U.<\/i><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b><font size=\"5\">5. <\/font><\/b><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/clip_image001.gif\"><font size=\"5\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"clip_image001\" border=\"0\" alt=\"clip_image001\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/clip_image001_thumb.gif\" width=\"10\" height=\"2\"><\/font><\/a><font size=\"5\">Calculate the heat transfer surface area <i>A<\/i><i>s <\/i><i>.<\/i><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The task is completed by selecting a heat exchanger that has a heat transfer surface area equal to or larger than <i>A<\/i><i>s <\/i><i>.<\/i><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">A second kind of problem encountered in heat exchanger analysis is the de- termination of the <i>heat transfer rate <\/i>and the <i>outlet temperatures <\/i>of the hot and cold fluids for prescribed fluid mass flow rates and inlet temperatures when the <i>type <\/i>and <i>size <\/i>of the heat exchanger are specified. The heat transfer surface area <i>A <\/i>of the heat exchanger in this case is known, but the <i>outlet temperatures <\/i>are not. Here the task is to determine the heat transfer performance of a specified heat exchanger or to determine if a heat exchanger available in storage will do the job.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The LMTD method could still be used for this alternative problem, but the procedure would require tedious iterations, and thus it is not practical. In an attempt to eliminate the iterations from the solution of such problems, Kays and London came up with a method in 1955 called the <b>effectiveness\u2013NTU method, <\/b>which greatly simplified heat exchanger analysis.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">This method is based on a dimensionless parameter called the <b>heat trans- fer effectiveness <\/b>e, defined as<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0118.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0118\" border=\"0\" alt=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0118\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0118_thumb.jpg\" width=\"377\" height=\"96\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">where <i>C<\/i><i>c <\/i>= <i>m<\/i><i>c<\/i><i>C<\/i><i>pc <\/i>and <i>C<\/i><i>h <\/i>= <i>m<\/i><i>c<\/i><i>C<\/i><i>ph <\/i>are the heat capacity rates of the cold and the hot fluids, respectively.<\/font> <\/p><div class=\"vzbsl6a0dbcb2e355b\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 300,\n\t\t'width' : 160,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.vzbsl6a0dbcb2e355b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.vzbsl6a0dbcb2e355b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.vzbsl6a0dbcb2e355b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.vzbsl6a0dbcb2e355b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.vzbsl6a0dbcb2e355b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"mefrr6a0dbcb2e3390\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- 300x600 hydraulics-and-pneumatics -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:600px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"3735577695\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.mefrr6a0dbcb2e3390 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.mefrr6a0dbcb2e3390 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.mefrr6a0dbcb2e3390 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.mefrr6a0dbcb2e3390 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.mefrr6a0dbcb2e3390 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">To determine the maximum possible heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger, we first recognize that the <i>maximum temperature difference <\/i>in a heat ex- changer is the difference between the <i>inlet <\/i>temperatures of the hot and cold fluids. That is,<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0119.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0119\" border=\"0\" alt=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0119\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0119_thumb.jpg\" width=\"238\" height=\"35\"><\/a><\/b><\/font> <\/p>\n<h5 align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The heat transfer in a heat exchanger will reach its maximum value when <\/font><font size=\"5\">(1) the cold fluid is heated to the inlet temperature of the hot fluid or (2) the hot fluid is cooled to the inlet temperature of the cold fluid. These two limit- ing conditions will not be reached simultaneously unless the heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are identical (i.e., <i>C<\/i><i>c <\/i>= <i>C<\/i><i>h<\/i>). When <i>C<\/i><i>c <\/i>* <i>C<\/i><i>h<\/i>, which is usually the case, the fluid with the <i>smaller <\/i>heat capacity rate will experience a larger temperature change, and thus it will be the first to experience the maximum temperature, at which point the heat transfer will come to a halt. Therefore, the maximum possible heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger is (Fig. 23\u201323)<a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0120.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0120\" border=\"0\" alt=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0120\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0120_thumb.jpg\" width=\"551\" height=\"437\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0121.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0121\" border=\"0\" alt=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0121\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0121_thumb.jpg\" width=\"417\" height=\"484\"><\/a><\/font><\/h5>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Therefore, the effectiveness of a heat exchanger enables us to determine the heat transfer rate without knowing the <i>outle<\/i><i>t temperatures <\/i>of the fluids.<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The effectiveness of a heat exchanger depends on the <i>geometry <\/i>of the heat exchanger as well as the <i>flow arrangement. <\/i>Therefore, different types of heat exchangers have different effectiveness relations. Below we illustrate the de- velopment of the effectiveness e relation for the double-pipe <i>parallel-flow <\/i>heat exchanger.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Equation 23\u201323 developed in Section 23\u20134 for a parallel-flow heat ex- changer can be rearranged as<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0122.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0122\" border=\"0\" alt=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0122\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0122_thumb.jpg\" width=\"361\" height=\"484\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Effectiveness relations of the heat exchangers typically involve the <i>dimensionless <\/i>group <i>UA<\/i><i>s <\/i>\/<i>C<\/i>min. This quantity is called the <b>number of transfer units NTU <\/b>and is expressed as<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0123.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0123\" border=\"0\" alt=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0123\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0123_thumb.jpg\" width=\"241\" height=\"41\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">where <i>U <\/i>is the overall heat transfer coefficient and <i>A<\/i><i>s <\/i>is the heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger. Note that NTU is proportional to <i>A<\/i><i>s <\/i><i>. <\/i>Therefore, for specified values of <i>U <\/i>and <i>C<\/i>min, the value of NTU <i>is a measure of the heat trans- fer surface area A<\/i><i>s <\/i><i>. <\/i>Thus, the larger the NTU, the larger the heat exchanger.<\/font> <\/p>\n<h5 align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">In heat exchanger analysis, it is also convenient to define another dimensionless quantity called the <b>capacit<\/b><b>y ratio <i>c <\/i><\/b>as<\/font><\/h5>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0124.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0124\" border=\"0\" alt=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0124\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0124_thumb.jpg\" width=\"372\" height=\"78\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Effectiveness relations have been developed for a large number of heat ex- changers, and the results are given in Table 23\u20134. The effectivenesses of some common types of heat exchangers are also plotted in Fig. 23\u201326. More<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0125.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0125\" border=\"0\" alt=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0125\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0125_thumb.jpg\" width=\"401\" height=\"360\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0126.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0126\" border=\"0\" alt=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0126\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0126_thumb.jpg\" width=\"346\" height=\"484\"><\/a><\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0127.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0127\" border=\"0\" alt=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0127\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0127_thumb.jpg\" width=\"410\" height=\"484\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0128.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0128\" border=\"0\" alt=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0128\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0128_thumb.jpg\" width=\"416\" height=\"484\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0129.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0129\" border=\"0\" alt=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0129\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0129_thumb.jpg\" width=\"399\" height=\"484\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0130.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0130\" border=\"0\" alt=\"HEAT EXCHANGERS-0130\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/HEAT-EXCHANGERS-0130_thumb.jpg\" width=\"276\" height=\"484\"><\/a><\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><\/font><\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u25a0 THE EFFECTIVENESS\u2013NTU METHOD The log mean temperature difference (LMTD) method discussed in Section 23\u20134 is easy to use in heat exchanger analysis when the inlet and the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluids are known or can be determined from an energy balance. Once \/},Tlm, the mass flow rates, and the overall [&hellip;]<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/heat-exchangersthe-effectivenessntu-method\/\" class=\"more-link\" >Continue reading&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3146"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3146"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3146\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3147,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3146\/revisions\/3147"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3146"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3146"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3146"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}