{"id":3016,"date":"2016-03-22T17:55:09","date_gmt":"2016-03-22T17:55:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/?p=3016"},"modified":"2016-03-22T17:55:09","modified_gmt":"2016-03-22T17:55:09","slug":"radiation-heat-transfer-diffuse-gray-surfaces","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/radiation-heat-transfer-diffuse-gray-surfaces\/","title":{"rendered":"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER: DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"ixzie6a0dbcaf38a02\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 250,\n\t\t'width' : 300,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.ixzie6a0dbcaf38a02 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.ixzie6a0dbcaf38a02 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.ixzie6a0dbcaf38a02 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.ixzie6a0dbcaf38a02 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.ixzie6a0dbcaf38a02 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<h6 align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><\/font><\/h6>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u25a0 <b>RADI<\/b><b>A<\/b><b>TIO<\/b><b>N HEAT TRANSFER:<\/b><b> <\/b><b>DIFFUSE<\/b><b>, GRAY SURFACES<\/b><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><b><font size=\"5\"><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<p><font size=\"5\">The analysis of radiation transfer in enclosures consisting of black surfaces is relatively easy, as we have seen, but most enclosures encountered in practice involve nonblack surfaces, which allow multiple reflections to occur. Radiation analysis of such enclosures becomes very complicated unless some simplifying assumptions are made.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">To make a simple radiation analysis possible, it is common to assume the surfaces of an enclosure to be <i>opaque, diffuse, <\/i>and <i>gray. <\/i>That is, the surfaces are nontransparent, they are diffuse emitters and diffuse reflectors, and their radiation properties are independent of wavelength. Also, each surface of the enclosure is <i>isothermal, <\/i>and both the incoming and outgoing radiation are <i>uniform <\/i>over each surface. But first we review the concept of radiosity discussed in Chap. 21.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><b><font size=\"5\">Radiosity<\/font><\/b> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Surfaces emit radiation as well as reflect it, and thus the radiation leaving a <\/font><font size=\"5\">surface consists of emitted and reflected parts. The calculation of radiation heat transfer between surfaces involves the <i>total <\/i>radiation energy streaming away from a surface, with no regard for its origin. The <i>total radiation energy leaving a surface per unit time and per unit area <\/i>is the <b>radiosity <\/b>and is denoted by <i>J <\/i>(Fig. 22\u201320).<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">For a surface <i>i <\/i>that is <i>gray <\/i>and <i>opaque <\/i>(e<i>i <\/i>= a<i>i <\/i>and a<i>i <\/i>+ r<i>i <\/i>= 1), the radiosity can be expressed as<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0053.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0053\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0053\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0053_thumb.jpg\" width=\"192\" height=\"230\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0052.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0052\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0052\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0052_thumb.jpg\" width=\"366\" height=\"191\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">That is, <i>the radiosity of a blackbody is equal to its emissive power. <\/i>This is expected, since a blackbody does not reflect any radiation, and thus radiation coming from a blackbody is due to emission only.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b>Ne<\/b><b>t Radiation Heat Transfer to or from a Surface<\/b><b> <\/b>During a radiation interaction, a surface <i>lose<\/i><i>s <\/i>energy by emitting radiation and <i>gains <\/i>energy by absorbing radiation emitted by other surfaces. A surface experiences a net gain or a net loss of energy, depending on which quantity is larger. The <i>ne<\/i><i>t <\/i>\u00b7rate of radiation heat transfer from a surface <i>i <\/i>of surface area <i>A<\/i><i>i <\/i><\/font><font size=\"5\">is denoted by <i>Q<\/i><i>i <\/i>and is expressed as<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0054.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0054\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0054\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0054_thumb.jpg\" width=\"398\" height=\"243\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">is the <b>surface resistance <\/b>to radiation. The quantity <i>E<\/i><i>bi <\/i>&#8211; <i>J<\/i><i>i <\/i>corresponds to a <i>potential difference <\/i>and the net rate of radiation heat transfer corresponds to <i>current <\/i>in the electrical analogy, as illustrated in Fig. 22\u201321.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The direction of the net radiation heat transfer depends on the relative magnitudes of <i>J<\/i><i>i <\/i>(the radiosity) and <i>E<\/i><i>bi <\/i>(the emissive power of a blackbody at the <\/font><font size=\"5\">temperature of the surface). It will be <i>from<\/i>\u00b7 the surface if <i>E<\/i><i>bi <\/i>&gt; <i>J<\/i><i>i <\/i>and <i>to <\/i>the surface if <i>J<\/i><i>i <\/i>&gt; <i>E<\/i><i>bi<\/i>. A negative value for <i>Q<\/i><i>i <\/i>indicates that heat transfer is <i>to <\/i><\/font><font size=\"5\">the surface. All of this radiation energy gained must be removed from the other side of the surface through some mechanism if the surface temperature is to remain constant.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The surface resistance to radiation for a <i>blackbody <\/i>is <i>zero <\/i>since e<i>i <\/i>= 1 and <i>J<\/i><i>i <\/i>= <i>E<\/i><i>bi<\/i>. The net rate of radiation heat transfer in this case is determined directly from Eq. 22\u201323.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Some surfaces encountered in numerous practical heat transfer applications are modeled as being <i>adiabatic <\/i>since their back sides are well insulated and the net heat transfer through them is zero. When the convection effects on the front (heat transfer) side of such a surface is negligible and steady-state con<\/font><font size=\"5\">ditions are\u00b7 reached, the surface must lose as much radiation energy as it gains, and thus <i>Q<\/i><i>i <\/i>= 0. In such cases, the surface is said to <i>reradiate <\/i>all the radiation <\/font><font size=\"5\">energy it receives, and such a surface is called a <b>reradiating surface. <\/b>Setting&nbsp; <\/font><font size=\"5\"><i>Q<\/i><i>i <\/i>= 0 in Eq. 22\u201325 yields<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0055.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0055\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0055\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0055_thumb.jpg\" width=\"141\" height=\"160\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0056.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0056\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0056\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0056_thumb.jpg\" width=\"254\" height=\"26\"><\/a> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Therefore, the <i>temperatu<\/i><i>r<\/i><i>e <\/i>of a reradiating surface under steady conditions can easily be determined from the equation above once its radiosity is known. Note that the temperature of a reradiating surface is <i>independent of its emissivity. <\/i>In radiation analysis, the surface resistance of a reradiating surface is disregarded since there is no net heat transfer through it. (This is like the fact that there is no need to consider a resistance in an electrical network if no cur- rent is flowing through it.)<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><strong>Net Radiation Heat Transfer between Any Two Surfaces<\/strong><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Consider two diffuse, gray, and opaque surfaces of arbitrary shape maintained <\/font><font size=\"5\">at uniform temperatures, as shown in Fig. 22\u201322. Recognizing that the radios- ity <i>J <\/i>represents the rate of radiation leaving a surface per unit surface area and that the view factor <i>F<\/i><i>i <\/i>\u00ae <i>j <\/i>represents the fraction of radiation leaving surface <i>I <\/i><\/font><font size=\"5\">that strikes surface <i>j<\/i>, the <i>ne<\/i><i>t <\/i>rate of radiation heat transfer from surface <i>i <\/i>to surface <i>j <\/i>can be expressed as<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0057.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0057\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0057\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0057_thumb.jpg\" width=\"368\" height=\"227\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">is the <b>spac<\/b><b>e resistance <\/b>to radiation. Again the quantity <i>J<\/i><i>i <\/i>&#8211; <i>J<\/i><i>j <\/i>corresponds to a <i>potential difference, <\/i>and the net rate of heat transfer between two surfaces corresponds to <i>cur<\/i><i>r<\/i><i>en<\/i><i>t <\/i>in the electrical analogy, as illustrated in Fig. 22\u201322. The direction of the net radiation heat transfer between two sur\u00b7faces de<\/font><font size=\"5\">pends on the relative magnitudes of <i>J<\/i><i>i <\/i>and <i>J<\/i><i>j<\/i>. A positive value for <i>Q<\/i><i>i <\/i>\u00ae <i>j <\/i>indi<\/font><font size=\"5\">cates that net heat transfer is <i>from <\/i>surface <i>i to <\/i>surface <i>j. <\/i>A negative value <\/font><font size=\"5\">indicates the opposite.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">In an <i>N<\/i>-surface enclosure, the conservation of energy principle requires that the net heat transfer from surface <i>i <\/i>be equal to the sum of the net heat transfers from surface <i>i <\/i>to each of the <i>N <\/i>surfaces of the enclosure. That is,<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0058.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0058\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0058\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0058_thumb.jpg\" width=\"317\" height=\"33\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The network representation of net radiation heat transfer from surface <i>i <\/i>to the remaining surfaces of an <i>N<\/i>-surface enclosure is given in Fig. 22\u201323. Note that <\/font><font size=\"5\">(the net rate of heat transfer from a surface to itself) is zero regardless of <\/font><font size=\"5\">the shape of the surface. Combining Eqs. 22\u201325 and 22\u201332 gives<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0059.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0059\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0059\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0059_thumb.jpg\" width=\"255\" height=\"39\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0060.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0060\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0060\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0060_thumb.jpg\" width=\"149\" height=\"484\"><\/a> <\/p><div class=\"fqrpu6a0dbcaf38d11\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 300,\n\t\t'width' : 160,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.fqrpu6a0dbcaf38d11 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.fqrpu6a0dbcaf38d11 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.fqrpu6a0dbcaf38d11 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.fqrpu6a0dbcaf38d11 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.fqrpu6a0dbcaf38d11 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"pcwmj6a0dbcaf38b7b\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- 300x600 hydraulics-and-pneumatics -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:600px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"3735577695\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.pcwmj6a0dbcaf38b7b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.pcwmj6a0dbcaf38b7b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.pcwmj6a0dbcaf38b7b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.pcwmj6a0dbcaf38b7b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.pcwmj6a0dbcaf38b7b {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">which has the electrical analogy interpretation that <i>the net radiation flow from a surface through its surface resistance is equal to the sum of the radiation flows from that surface to all other surfaces through the corresponding space resistances.<\/i><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b>Method<\/b><b>s of Solving Radiation Problems<\/b><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">In the radiation analysis of an enclosure, either the temperature or the net rate <\/font><font size=\"5\">of heat transfer must be given for each of the surfaces to obtain a unique solution for the unknown surface temperatures and heat transfer rates. There are two methods commonly used to solve radiation problems. In the first method, Eqs. 22\u201332 (for surfaces with specified heat transfer rates) and 22\u201333 (for surfaces with specified temperatures) are simplified and rearranged as<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0061.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0061\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0061\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0061_thumb.jpg\" width=\"351\" height=\"74\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Note that <i>Q<\/i><i>i <\/i>= 0 for insulated (or reradiating) surfaces, and <\/font><font size=\"5\">= <i>J<\/i><i>i <\/i>for black <\/font><font size=\"5\">surfaces since e<i>i <\/i>= 1 in that case. Also, the term corresponding to <i>j <\/i>= <i>i <\/i>will drop out from either relation since <i>J<\/i><i>i <\/i>&#8211; <i>J<\/i><i>j <\/i>= <i>J<\/i><i>i <\/i>&#8211; <i>J<\/i><i>i <\/i>= 0 in that case.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The equations above give <i>N <\/i>linear algebraic equations for the determination of the <i>N <\/i>unknown radiosities for an <i>N<\/i>-surface enclosure. Once the radiosities <i>J<\/i>1, <i>J<\/i>2, . . . , <i>J<\/i><i>N <\/i>are available, the unknown heat transfer rates can be determined from Eq. 22\u201334 while the unknown surface temperatures can be determined from Eq. 22\u201335. The temperatures of insulated o\u00b7r reradiating surfaces can be <\/font><font size=\"5\">determined from s<i>T<\/i><i>i<\/i>4 = <i>J<\/i><i>i<\/i>. A positive value for <i>Q<\/i><i>i <\/i>indicates net radiation heat <\/font><font size=\"5\">transfer <i>from <\/i>surface <i>i <\/i>to other surfaces in the enclosure while a negative value <\/font><font size=\"5\">indicates net radiation heat transfer <i>t<\/i><i>o <\/i>the surface.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The systematic approach described above for solving radiation heat transfer problems is very suitable for use with today\u2019s popular equation solvers such as EES, Mathcad, and Matlab, especially when there are a large number of surfaces, and is known as the <b>direct method <\/b>(formerly, the <i>matrix method, <\/i>since it resulted in matrices and the solution required a knowledge of linear algebra). The second method described below, called the <b>network method, <\/b>is based on the electrical network analogy.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The network method was first introduced by A. K. Oppenheim in the 1950s and found widespread acceptance because of its simplicity and emphasis on the physics of the problem. The application of the method is straightforward: draw a surface resistance associated with each surface of an enclosure and connect them with space resistances. Then solve the radiation problem by treating it as an electrical network problem where the radiation heat transfer replaces the current and radiosity replaces the potential.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The network method is not practical for enclosures with more than three or four surfaces, however, because of the increased complexity of the network. Next we apply the method to solve radiation problems in two- and three- surface enclosures.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b>Radiatio<\/b><b>n Heat Transfer in Two-Surface Enclosures<\/b><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><b>&nbsp;<\/b>Consider an enclosure consisting of two opaque surfaces at specified temperatures <i>T<\/i>1 and <i>T<\/i>2, as shown in Fig. 22\u201324, and try to determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two surfaces with the network method. Surfaces 1 and 2 have emissivities e1 and e2 and surface areas <i>A<\/i>1 and <i>A<\/i>2 and are maintained at uniform temperatures <i>T<\/i>1 and <i>T<\/i>2, respectively. There are only two surfaces in the enclosure, and thus we can write<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0062.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0062\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0062\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0062_thumb.jpg\" width=\"100\" height=\"20\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">That is, the net rate of radiation heat transfer from surface 1 to surface 2 must equal the net rate of radiation heat transfer <i>from <\/i>surface 1 and the net rate of <\/font><font size=\"5\">radiation heat transfer <i>t<\/i><i>o <\/i>surface 2.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The radiation network of this two-surface enclosure consists of two surface resistances and one space resistance, as shown in Fig. 22\u201324. In an electrical network, the electric current flowing through these resistances connected in series would be determined by dividing the potential difference between points <i>A <\/i>and <i>B <\/i>by the total resistance between the same two points. The net rate of radiation transfer is determined in the same manner and is expressed as<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0063.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0063\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0063\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0063_thumb.jpg\" width=\"388\" height=\"102\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">This important result is applicable to any two gray, diffuse, and opaque surfaces that form an enclosure. The view factor <i>F<\/i>12 depends on the geometry and must be determined first. Simplified forms of Eq. 22\u201336 for some familiar arrangements that form a two-surface enclosure are given in Table 22\u20133. Note that <i>F<\/i>12 = 1 for all of these special cases.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0064.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0064\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0064\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0064_thumb.jpg\" width=\"370\" height=\"169\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0065.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0065\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0065\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0065_thumb.jpg\" width=\"147\" height=\"484\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0066.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0066\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0066\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0066_thumb.jpg\" width=\"427\" height=\"484\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong><font size=\"5\">Radiation Heat Transfer <\/font><font size=\"5\">in Three-Surface Enclosures<\/font><\/strong> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">We now consider an enclosure consisting of three opaque, diffuse, and gray <\/font><font size=\"5\">surfaces, as shown in Fig. 22\u201326. Surfaces 1, 2, and 3 have surface areas <i>A<\/i>1, <i>A<\/i>2, and <i>A<\/i>3; emissivities e1, e2, and e3; and uniform temperatures <i>T<\/i>1, <i>T<\/i>2, and <i>T<\/i>3, respectively. The radiation network of this geometry is constructed by fol- lowing the standard procedure: draw a surface resistance associated with each of the three surfaces and connect these surface resistances with space resis- tances, as shown in the figure. Relations for the surface and space resistances are given by Eqs. 22\u201326 and 22\u201331. The three endpoint potentials <i>E<\/i><i>b<\/i>1, <i>E<\/i><i>b<\/i>2, and <i>E<\/i><i>b<\/i>3 are considered known, since the surface temperatures are specified. Then all we need to find are the radiosities <i>J<\/i>1, <i>J<\/i>2, and <i>J<\/i>3. The three equations for the determination of these three unknowns are obtained from the require- ment that <i>the algebraic sum of the currents (net radiation heat transfer) at each node must equal zero. <\/i>That is,<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0067.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0067\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0067\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0067_thumb.jpg\" width=\"290\" height=\"93\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Once the radiosities <i>J<\/i>1, <i>J<\/i>2, and <i>J<\/i>3 are available, the net rate of radiation heat transfers at each surface can be determined from Eq. 22\u201332.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The set of equations above simplify further if one or more surfaces are <\/font><font size=\"5\">\u201cspecial\u201d in some way. For example, <i>J<\/i><i>i <\/i>= <i>E<\/i><i>b<\/i><i>i <\/i>= <\/font><font size=\"5\">for a <i>black <\/i>or <i>reradiating <\/i><\/font><font size=\"5\">surface. Also, <i>Q<\/i><i>i <\/i><\/font><font size=\"5\">= 0 fo\u00b7r a reradiating surface. Finally, when the net rate of <\/font><font size=\"5\">radiation heat transfer <i>Q<\/i><i>i <\/i>is specified at surface <i>i <\/i>instead o\u00b7f the temperature, the term (<i>E<\/i><i>bi <\/i>&#8211; <i>J<\/i><i>i<\/i>)\/<i>R<\/i><i>i <\/i>should be replaced by the specified <i>Q<\/i><i>i<\/i>.<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0068.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0068\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0068\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0068_thumb.jpg\" width=\"470\" height=\"236\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0069.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0069\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0069\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0069_thumb.jpg\" width=\"403\" height=\"484\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0070.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0070\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0070\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0070_thumb.jpg\" width=\"401\" height=\"484\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0071.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0071\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0071\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0071_thumb.jpg\" width=\"423\" height=\"484\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0072.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0072\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0072\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0072_thumb.jpg\" width=\"309\" height=\"484\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0073.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0073\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0073\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0073_thumb.jpg\" width=\"315\" height=\"484\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0074.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0074\" border=\"0\" alt=\"RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER -0074\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/RADIATION-HEAT-TRANSFER-0074_thumb.jpg\" width=\"402\" height=\"390\"><\/a><\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><\/font><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u25a0 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER: DIFFUSE, GRAY SURFACES The analysis of radiation transfer in enclosures consisting of black surfaces is relatively easy, as we have seen, but most enclosures encountered in practice involve nonblack surfaces, which allow multiple reflections to occur. Radiation analysis of such enclosures becomes very complicated unless some simplifying assumptions are made. To [&hellip;]<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/radiation-heat-transfer-diffuse-gray-surfaces\/\" class=\"more-link\" >Continue reading&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3016"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3016"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3016\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3017,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3016\/revisions\/3017"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3016"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3016"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3016"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}