{"id":2379,"date":"2016-03-14T12:53:58","date_gmt":"2016-03-14T12:53:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/?p=2379"},"modified":"2016-03-14T12:53:58","modified_gmt":"2016-03-14T12:53:58","slug":"power-and-refriger-a-tion-cyclesan-overview-of-reciprocating-engines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/power-and-refriger-a-tion-cyclesan-overview-of-reciprocating-engines\/","title":{"rendered":"POWER AND REFRIGER A TION CYCLES:AN OVERVIEW OF RECIPROCATING ENGINES"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"zhqhd6a0dce4512107\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 250,\n\t\t'width' : 300,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.zhqhd6a0dce4512107 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.zhqhd6a0dce4512107 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.zhqhd6a0dce4512107 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.zhqhd6a0dce4512107 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.zhqhd6a0dce4512107 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u25a0 <b>A<\/b><b>N OVERVIEW OF RECIPROCATING ENGINES<\/b><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Despite its simplicity, the reciprocating engine (basically a piston-cylinder de<\/font><font size=\"5\">vice) is one of the rare inventions that has proved to be very versatile and to have a wide range of applications. It is the powerhouse of the vast majority of automobiles, trucks, light aircraft, ships, and electric power generators, as well as many other devices.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The basic components of a reciprocating engine are shown in Fig. 8\u201310. The piston reciprocates in the cylinder between two fixed positions called the <b>to<\/b><b>p dead center <\/b>(TDC)\u2014the position of the piston when it forms the <\/font><font size=\"5\">smallest volume in the cylinder\u2014and the <b>botto<\/b><b>m dead center <\/b>(BDC)\u2014the position of the piston when it forms the largest volume in the cylinder. The distance between the TDC and the BDC is the largest distance that the piston can travel in one direction, and it is called the <b>st<\/b><b>r<\/b><b>ok<\/b><b>e <\/b>of the engine. The diameter of the piston is called the <b>bo<\/b><b>r<\/b><b>e<\/b><b>. <\/b>The air or air\u2013fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder through the <b>intak<\/b><b>e valve, <\/b>and the combustion products are expelled from the cylinder through the <b>exhaus<\/b><b>t valve.<\/b><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The minimum volume formed in the cylinder when the piston is at TDC is called the <b>clearanc<\/b><b>e volume <\/b>(Fig. 8\u201311). The volume displaced by the piston as it moves between TDC and BDC is called the <b>displacemen<\/b><b>t volume. <\/b>The ratio of the maximum volume formed in the cylinder to the minimum (clearance) volume is called the <b>comp<\/b><b>r<\/b><b>essio<\/b><b>n ratio <\/b><i>r <\/i>of the engine:<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/POWER-AND-REFRIGERATION-CYCLES-0302.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES-0302\" border=\"0\" alt=\"POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES-0302\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/POWER-AND-REFRIGERATION-CYCLES-0302_thumb.jpg\" width=\"235\" height=\"44\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/POWER-AND-REFRIGERATION-CYCLES-0301.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES-0301\" border=\"0\" alt=\"POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES-0301\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/POWER-AND-REFRIGERATION-CYCLES-0301_thumb.jpg\" width=\"158\" height=\"484\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Notice that the compression ratio is a <i>volum<\/i><i>e ratio <\/i>and should not be confused with the pressure ratio.<\/font> <\/p><div class=\"vlekf6a0dce45122f9\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 300,\n\t\t'width' : 160,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.vlekf6a0dce45122f9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.vlekf6a0dce45122f9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.vlekf6a0dce45122f9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.vlekf6a0dce45122f9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.vlekf6a0dce45122f9 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"hdbbu6a0dce45121f6\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- 300x600 hydraulics-and-pneumatics -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:600px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"3735577695\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.hdbbu6a0dce45121f6 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.hdbbu6a0dce45121f6 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.hdbbu6a0dce45121f6 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.hdbbu6a0dce45121f6 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.hdbbu6a0dce45121f6 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<p align=\"justify\"><b><font size=\"5\"><\/font><\/b> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Another term frequently used in conjunction with reciprocating engines is the <b>mea<\/b><b>n effective pressure <\/b>(MEP). It is a fictitious pressure that, if it acted <\/font><font size=\"5\">on the piston during the entire power stroke, would produce the same amount of net work as that produced during the actual cycle (Fig. 8\u201312). That is,<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/POWER-AND-REFRIGERATION-CYCLES-0303.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES-0303\" border=\"0\" alt=\"POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES-0303\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/POWER-AND-REFRIGERATION-CYCLES-0303_thumb.jpg\" width=\"337\" height=\"37\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/POWER-AND-REFRIGERATION-CYCLES-0304.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES-0304\" border=\"0\" alt=\"POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES-0304\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/POWER-AND-REFRIGERATION-CYCLES-0304_thumb.jpg\" width=\"186\" height=\"281\"><\/a><\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The mean effective pressure can be used as a parameter to compare the perfor<\/font><font size=\"5\">mances of reciprocating engines of equal size. The engine with a larger value of MEP will deliver more net work per cycle and thus will perform better.<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Reciprocating engines are classified as <b>spark-ignitio<\/b><b>n (SI) engines <\/b>or <b>comp<\/b><b>r<\/b><b>ession-ignitio<\/b><b>n (CI) engines, <\/b>depending on how the combustion process in the cylinder is initiated. In SI engines, the combustion of the air\u2013fuel mixture is initiated by a spark plug. In CI engines, the air\u2013fuel mixture is self- ignited as a result of compressing the mixture above its self-ignition temperature. In the next two sections, we discuss the <i>Ott<\/i><i>o <\/i>and <i>Diese<\/i><i>l cycles, <\/i>which are the ideal cycles for the SI and CI reciprocating engines, respectively.<\/font><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u25a0 AN OVERVIEW OF RECIPROCATING ENGINES Despite its simplicity, the reciprocating engine (basically a piston-cylinder device) is one of the rare inventions that has proved to be very versatile and to have a wide range of applications. It is the powerhouse of the vast majority of automobiles, trucks, light aircraft, ships, and electric power generators, [&hellip;]<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/power-and-refriger-a-tion-cyclesan-overview-of-reciprocating-engines\/\" class=\"more-link\" >Continue reading&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2379"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2379"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2379\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2380,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2379\/revisions\/2380"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2379"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2379"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2379"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}