{"id":2027,"date":"2016-03-12T19:23:36","date_gmt":"2016-03-12T19:23:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/?p=2027"},"modified":"2016-03-12T19:23:36","modified_gmt":"2016-03-12T19:23:36","slug":"summary-of-the-second-la-w-of-thermodynamics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/summary-of-the-second-la-w-of-thermodynamics\/","title":{"rendered":"SUMMARY OF THE SECOND LA W OF THERMODYNAMICS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"bnnpq6a0dbe33213f5\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 250,\n\t\t'width' : 300,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.bnnpq6a0dbe33213f5 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.bnnpq6a0dbe33213f5 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.bnnpq6a0dbe33213f5 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.bnnpq6a0dbe33213f5 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.bnnpq6a0dbe33213f5 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<h5 align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><font style=\"font-weight: bold\">SUMMARY<\/font><\/font><\/h5>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The <i>second law of thermodynamics <\/i>states that processes occur in a certain direction, not in any direction. A process will not occur unless it satisfies both the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. Bodies that can absorb or reject finite amounts of heat isothermally are called <i>thermal energy reservoirs <\/i>or <i>heat reservoirs.<\/i><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Work can be converted to heat directly, but heat can be converted to work only by some devices called heat engines. The <i>thermal efficiency <\/i>of a heat engine is defined as <\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/THE-SECOND-LAW-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0138.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"THE SECOND LAW OF THE RMODYNAMICS-0138\" border=\"0\" alt=\"THE SECOND LAW OF THE RMODYNAMICS-0138\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/THE-SECOND-LAW-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0138_thumb.jpg\" width=\"135\" height=\"37\"><\/a> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">where <i>W<\/i>net, out is the net work output of the heat engine, <i>Q<\/i><i>H <\/i>is the amount of heat supplied to the engine, and <i>Q<\/i><i>L <\/i>is the amount of heat rejected by the engine.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Refrigerators and heat pumps are devices that absorb heat from low-temperature media and reject it to higher-temperature ones. The performance of a refrigerator or a heat pump is expressed in terms of the <i>coefficient of performance, <\/i>which is defined as<\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/THE-SECOND-LAW-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0139.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"THE SECOND LAW OF THE RMODYNAMICS-0139\" border=\"0\" alt=\"THE SECOND LAW OF THE RMODYNAMICS-0139\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/THE-SECOND-LAW-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0139_thumb.jpg\" width=\"163\" height=\"64\"><\/a><\/font><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The <i>Kelvin\u2013Planck statement <\/i>of the second law of thermo- dynamics states that no heat engine can produce a net amount of work while exchanging heat with a single reservoir only.<\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The <i>Clausius statement <\/i>of the second law states that no device <font size=\"5\">can transfer heat from a cooler body to a warmer one without leaving an effect on the surroundings.<\/font><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><font size=\"5\"><font size=\"5\">Any device that violates the first or the second law of thermodynamics is called a <i>perpetual-motion machine.<\/i><\/font><\/font><\/font>  <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">A process is said to be <i>reversible <\/i>if both the system and the <\/font><font size=\"5\">surroundings can be restored to their original conditions. <\/font><font size=\"5\">other process is <i>irreversible. <\/i>The effects such as friction, non <\/font><font size=\"5\">quasi-equilibrium expansion or compression, and heat transfer through a finite temperature difference render a process ir- reversible and are called <i>irreversibilities.<\/i><\/font><\/p><div class=\"epfce6a0dbe3321745\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 300,\n\t\t'width' : 160,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.epfce6a0dbe3321745 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.epfce6a0dbe3321745 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.epfce6a0dbe3321745 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.epfce6a0dbe3321745 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.epfce6a0dbe3321745 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"dwlzc6a0dbe3321616\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- 300x600 hydraulics-and-pneumatics -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:600px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"3735577695\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.dwlzc6a0dbe3321616 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.dwlzc6a0dbe3321616 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.dwlzc6a0dbe3321616 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.dwlzc6a0dbe3321616 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.dwlzc6a0dbe3321616 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The <i>Carnot cycle <\/i>is a reversible cycle that is composed of four reversible processes, two isothermal and two adiabatic. The <i>Carnot principles <\/i>state that the thermal efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same two reser- voirs are the same, and that no heat engine is more efficient than a reversible one operating between the same two res- ervoirs. These statements form the basis for establishing a <i>thermodynamic temperature scale <\/i>related to the heat transfers between a reversible device and the high- and low-temperature reservoirs by<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/THE-SECOND-LAW-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0140.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"THE SECOND LAW OF THE RMODYNAMICS-0140\" border=\"0\" alt=\"THE SECOND LAW OF THE RMODYNAMICS-0140\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/THE-SECOND-LAW-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0140_thumb.jpg\" width=\"92\" height=\"43\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Therefore, the <i>Q<\/i><i>H <\/i>\/<i>Q<\/i><i>L <\/i>ratio can be replaced by <i>T<\/i><i>H <\/i>\/<i>T<\/i><i>L <\/i>for re- versible devices, where <i>T<\/i><i>H <\/i>and <i>T<\/i><i>L <\/i>are the absolute temperatures of the high- and low-temperature reservoirs, respectively.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">A heat engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle is called a <i>Carnot heat engine. <\/i>The thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat engine, as well as all other reversible heat engines, is given by<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/THE-SECOND-LAW-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0141.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"THE SECOND LAW OF THE RMODYNAMICS-0141\" border=\"0\" alt=\"THE SECOND LAW OF THE RMODYNAMICS-0141\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/THE-SECOND-LAW-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0141_thumb.jpg\" width=\"115\" height=\"44\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">This is the maximum efficiency a heat engine operating <\/font><font size=\"5\">between two reservoirs at temperatures <i>T<\/i><i>H <\/i>and <i>T<\/i><i>L <\/i>can have.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The COPs of reversible refrigerators and heat pumps are <\/font><font size=\"5\">given in a similar manner as <\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/THE-SECOND-LAW-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0142.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"THE SECOND LAW OF THE RMODYNAMICS-0142\" border=\"0\" alt=\"THE SECOND LAW OF THE RMODYNAMICS-0142\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/THE-SECOND-LAW-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0142_thumb.jpg\" width=\"260\" height=\"147\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><\/font><\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SUMMARY The second law of thermodynamics states that processes occur in a certain direction, not in any direction. A process will not occur unless it satisfies both the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. Bodies that can absorb or reject finite amounts of heat isothermally are called thermal energy reservoirs or heat reservoirs. Work [&hellip;]<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/summary-of-the-second-la-w-of-thermodynamics\/\" class=\"more-link\" >Continue reading&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2027"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2027"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2027\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2028,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2027\/revisions\/2028"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2027"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2027"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2027"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}