{"id":1325,"date":"2016-03-07T21:22:52","date_gmt":"2016-03-07T21:22:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/?p=1325"},"modified":"2016-03-07T21:22:52","modified_gmt":"2016-03-07T21:22:52","slug":"summary-of-basicconcepts-of-the-rmodynamics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/summary-of-basicconcepts-of-the-rmodynamics\/","title":{"rendered":"SUMMARY OF BASICCONCEPTS OF THE RMODYNAMICS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wboko6a0dbe331986a\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 250,\n\t\t'width' : 300,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.wboko6a0dbe331986a {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.wboko6a0dbe331986a {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.wboko6a0dbe331986a {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.wboko6a0dbe331986a {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.wboko6a0dbe331986a {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<h4 align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><font style=\"font-weight: bold\">SUMMARY<\/font><\/font><\/h4>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">In this chapter, the basic concepts of thermodynamics are introduced and discussed.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">A system of fixed mass is called a <i>closed system, <\/i>or <i>control mass, <\/i>and a system that involves mass transfer across its boundaries is called an <i>open system, <\/i>or <i>control volume<\/i>. The mass-dependent properties of a system are called <i>extensive properties <\/i>and the others <i>intensive properties<\/i>. <i>Density <\/i>is mass per unit volume, and <i>specific volume <\/i>is volume per unit mass. The sum of all forms of energy of a system is called <i>total energy, <\/i>which is considered to consist of internal, kinetic, and potential energies. <i>Internal energy <\/i>represents the molecular energy of a system and may exist in sensible, latent, chemical, <\/font><font size=\"5\">and nuclear forms.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">A system is said to be in <i>thermodynamic equilibrium <\/i>if it maintains thermal, mechanical, phase, and chemical equilibrium. Any change from one state to another is called a <i>process<\/i>. A process with identical end states is called a <i>cycle. <\/i>During a <i>quasi-static <\/i>or <i>quasi-equilibrium process, <\/i>the system remains practically in equilibrium at all times. The state of a simple, compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The <i>zeroth law of thermodynamics <\/i>states that two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the same temperature read- ing even if they are not in contact.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The temperature scales used in the SI and the English system today are the <i>Celsius scale <\/i>and the <i>Fahrenheit scale, <\/i>respectively. They are related to absolute temperature scales by<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/BASICCONCEPTS-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0092.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"BASICCONCEPTS OF  THE RMODYNAMICS-0092\" border=\"0\" alt=\"BASICCONCEPTS OF  THE RMODYNAMICS-0092\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/BASICCONCEPTS-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0092_thumb.jpg\" width=\"131\" height=\"40\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The magnitudes of each division of 1 K and 1\u00b0C are identical, and so are the magnitudes of each division of 1 R and 1\u00b0F. Therefore,<\/font> <\/p><div class=\"ayafz6a0dbe3319a65\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 300,\n\t\t'width' : 160,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.ayafz6a0dbe3319a65 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.ayafz6a0dbe3319a65 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.ayafz6a0dbe3319a65 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.ayafz6a0dbe3319a65 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.ayafz6a0dbe3319a65 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"kihth6a0dbe3319962\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- 300x600 hydraulics-and-pneumatics -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:600px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"3735577695\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.kihth6a0dbe3319962 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.kihth6a0dbe3319962 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.kihth6a0dbe3319962 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.kihth6a0dbe3319962 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.kihth6a0dbe3319962 {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/BASICCONCEPTS-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0093.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"BASICCONCEPTS OF  THE RMODYNAMICS-0093\" border=\"0\" alt=\"BASICCONCEPTS OF  THE RMODYNAMICS-0093\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/BASICCONCEPTS-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0093_thumb.jpg\" width=\"202\" height=\"32\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Force exerted by a fluid per unit area is called <i>pressure, <\/i>and its unit is the <i>pascal, <\/i>1 Pa = 1 N\/m2. The pressure relative to absolute vacuum is called the <i>absolute pressure, <\/i>and the differ- ence between the absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure is called the <i>gage pressure. <\/i>Pressures below atmo- spheric pressure are called <i>vacuum pressures. <\/i>The absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures are related by<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/BASICCONCEPTS-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0094.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"BASICCONCEPTS OF  THE RMODYNAMICS-0094\" border=\"0\" alt=\"BASICCONCEPTS OF  THE RMODYNAMICS-0094\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/BASICCONCEPTS-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0094_thumb.jpg\" width=\"266\" height=\"211\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Small to moderate pressure differences are measured by a <i>manometer<\/i>. The pressure in a fluid remains constant in the horizontal direction. <i>Pascal\u2019s principle <\/i>states that the pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout by the same amount. The atmospheric pressure is measured by a <i>barometer <\/i>and is given by<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/BASICCONCEPTS-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0095.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"BASICCONCEPTS OF  THE RMODYNAMICS-0095\" border=\"0\" alt=\"BASICCONCEPTS OF  THE RMODYNAMICS-0095\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/BASICCONCEPTS-OF-THE-RMODYNAMICS-0095_thumb.jpg\" width=\"186\" height=\"59\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><\/font><\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>SUMMARY In this chapter, the basic concepts of thermodynamics are introduced and discussed. A system of fixed mass is called a closed system, or control mass, and a system that involves mass transfer across its boundaries is called an open system, or control volume. The mass-dependent properties of a system are called extensive properties and [&hellip;]<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/summary-of-basicconcepts-of-the-rmodynamics\/\" class=\"more-link\" >Continue reading&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1325"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1325"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1325\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1326,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1325\/revisions\/1326"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1325"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1325"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1325"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}