{"id":1043,"date":"2015-10-27T09:26:34","date_gmt":"2015-10-27T09:26:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/?p=1043"},"modified":"2015-10-27T09:26:34","modified_gmt":"2015-10-27T09:26:34","slug":"safety-fault-finding-and-maintenancesafety","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/safety-fault-finding-and-maintenancesafety\/","title":{"rendered":"Safety, Fault-Finding and Maintenance:safety"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"muvzc6a0dbe33e39cb\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 250,\n\t\t'width' : 300,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/61e5902552e2353963d8d2f1bd1f4a8f\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.muvzc6a0dbe33e39cb {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.muvzc6a0dbe33e39cb {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.muvzc6a0dbe33e39cb {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.muvzc6a0dbe33e39cb {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.muvzc6a0dbe33e39cb {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><strong>safety<\/strong><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Most industrial plant has the capacity to maim or kill. It is therefore the responsibility of all people, both employers and employees, to ensure that no harm comes to any person as a result of activities on an industrial site.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Not surprisingly, this moral duty is also backed up by legislation. It is interesting that most safety legislation is reactive, i.e. responding to incidents which have occurred and trying to prevent them happening again. A prime example of this is the CDM regulations which arose because of the appalling safety record in the construction industry.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Safety legislation differs from country to country, although harmonization is underway in Europe. This section describes safety from a British viewpoint, although the general principles apply throughout the European community and are applicable in principle throughout the world. The descriptions are, of course, a personal view and should only be taken as a guide. The reader is advised to study the original legislation before taking any safety-related decisions.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Most safety legislation has a common theme. Employers and employees are deemed to have a <i>duty of care <\/i>to ensure the health, safety and welfare of the employees, visitors and the public. Failure in this duty of care is called <i>negligence. <\/i>Legislation defines required actions at three levels:<\/font> <\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u2022 <i>Shall <\/i>or <i>must <\/i>are absolute duties which have to be obeyed without regard to cost. If the duty is not feasible the related activity must not take place.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u2022 <i>If practicable <\/i>means the duty must be obeyed if feasible. Cost is not a consideration. If an individual deems the duty not to be feasible, proof of this assertion will be required if an incident occurs.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u2022 <i>Reasonably practicable <\/i>is the trickiest as it requires a balance of risk against cost. In the event of an incident an individual will be required to justify the actions taken.<\/font><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">There is a vast amount of safety legislation with varying degrees of authority. Acts <\/font><font size=\"5\">(e.g. the Health and Safety at Work Act (HASWA)) are statutes passed by full parliamentary procedures and are enforced by criminal law. Often acts such as HASWA (called Enabling Acts) are arranged to allow supplementary regulations to be made <\/font><font size=\"5\">by the Secretary of State without going through the full parliamentary procedure.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Regulations are introduced under an enabling act. They have the same power and status as acts. Most British safety regulations have been made under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Approved Codes of Practice (ACOPs) are documents written to define safe working methods and procedures by organizations such as CENELEC and the British Standards Institute. They are approved by the Health and Safety Com- mission. Whilst they are not mandatory (i.e. there can be no prosecution for not following them), failure to follow ACOPs may be viewed as a contributory fac- tor in investigations of an incident.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Codes of Practice are guidance codes provided by trade unions and professional organizations. These do not have the semi-legal status of ACOPs, but contain good advice. Again, though, implementation or otherwise can be given in evidence in court.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">In Europe there is a serious attempt to have uniform legislation throughout the EU. At the top level is EC Regulations which override national legislation. Of most relevance are EC Directives which require national laws to be implemented.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">In Britain the primary legislation is the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HASWA). It is an enabling act, allowing other legislation to be introduced. It is wide ranging and covers everyone involved with work (both employers and employees) or affected by it. In the USA the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) affords similar protection.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">HASWA defines and builds on general duties to avoid all possible hazards, and its main requirement is described in section 2(1) of the act:<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><i><font size=\"5\">It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work for his employees<\/font><\/i> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">This duty is extended in later sections to visitors, customers, the general public and (upheld in the courts) even trespassers. The onus of proof of <i>Reasonably Practicable <\/i>lies with the employer in the event of an incident.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Section 2(2) adds more detail by requiring safe plant, safe systems of work, safe use of articles and substances (i.e. handling, storage and transport), safe access and egress routes, safe environment, welfare facilities and adequate in- formation and training.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">If an organization has five or more employees it must have a written safety policy defining responsibilities and employees must be aware of its existence and content (section 2(3)). Employers must consult with worker safety representatives.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The act is not aimed purely at employers; employees also have duties de- scribed in sections 7 and 8 of the act. They are responsible for their own and others\u2019 safety and must co-operate with employers and other people to ensure safety, i.e. they must follow safe working practices. They must not interfere with any safety equipment (e.g. tampering with interlocks on movable guards).<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The act defines two authorities and gives them power for the enforcement of the legislation (sections 10\u201314 and 18\u201324). The Health and Safety Commission is the more academic of the two, and defines policy, carries out research, <\/font><font size=\"5\">develops safety law and disseminates safety information. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) implements the law by inspection and can enforce the law where failings are found. Breaches of HASWA amount to an indictable offence and the HSE has the power to prosecute the offenders.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The powers of HSE inspectors are wide. They can enter premises without invitation and take samples, photographs, documents, etc. People, as well as organizations, may be prosecuted if a safety failing or incident arises because of neglect by a responsible person.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The HSE also has the power to issue notices against an organization. The first, an Improvement Notice, is given where a fairly minor safety failing is ob- served. This notice requires the failing to be rectified within a specified period of time. The second, a Prohibition Notice, requires all operations to cease imme- diately and not restart until the failing is rectified and HSE inspectors withdraw the notice.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">It is all but impossible to design a system which is totally and absolutely fail-safe. Modern safety legislation, such as the Six Pack, recognizes the need to balance the cost and complexity of the safety system against the likelihood and severity of injury. The procedure, known as <i>risk assessment<\/i>, uses common terms with specific definitions:<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><strong>Hazard The potential to cause harm<\/strong><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Risk A function of the likelihood of the hazard occurring and the severity <\/font><font size=\"5\">Danger The risk of injury.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Risk assessment is a legal requirement under most modern legislation, and is covered in detail in standard prEN1050 <i>\u2018Principles of Risk Assessment\u2019.<\/i><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The first stage is identification of the hazards on the machine or process. This can be done by inspections, audits, study of incidents (near misses) and, for new plant, by investigation at the design stage. Examples of hazards are: impact\/ crush, snag points leading to entanglement, drawing in, cutting from moving edges, stabbing, shearing (leading to amputation), electrical hazards, tempera- ture hazards (hot and cold), contact with dangerous material and so on. Failure modes should also be considered, using standard methods such as HAZOPS (Hazard and Operability Study, with key words Too much of and Too little of), FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis) and Fault Tree Analysis.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">With the hazards documented the next stage is to assess the risk for each. There is no real definitive method for doing this, as each plant has different levels of operator competence and maintenance standards. A risk assessment, however, needs to be performed and the results and conclusions documented. In the event of an accident, the authorities will ask to see the risk assessment. There are many methods of risk assessment, some quantitative assigning points, and some using broad qualitative judgments.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Whichever method is used there are several factors that need to be consid- ered. The first is the severity of the possible injury. Many sources suggest the following four classifications:<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Fatality One or more deaths.<\/font> <\/p><div class=\"dfryc6a0dbe33e3c5a\" ><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\tatOptions = {\n\t\t'key' : '0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9',\n\t\t'format' : 'iframe',\n\t\t'height' : 300,\n\t\t'width' : 160,\n\t\t'params' : {}\n\t};\n<\/script>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"\/\/www.highperformanceformat.com\/0c1eb4c533eaedb7b996f49a5a4983a9\/invoke.js\"><\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.dfryc6a0dbe33e3c5a {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.dfryc6a0dbe33e3c5a {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.dfryc6a0dbe33e3c5a {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.dfryc6a0dbe33e3c5a {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.dfryc6a0dbe33e3c5a {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<div class=\"dydux6a0dbe33e3b0e\" ><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<!-- 300x600 hydraulics-and-pneumatics -->\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:600px\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-0778475562755157\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"3735577695\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 1201px) {\r\n.dydux6a0dbe33e3b0e {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 993px) and (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n.dydux6a0dbe33e3b0e {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 992px) {\r\n.dydux6a0dbe33e3b0e {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n.dydux6a0dbe33e3b0e {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\r\n.dydux6a0dbe33e3b0e {\r\ndisplay: block;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Major Non-reversible injury, e.g. amputation, loss of sight, disability. Serious Reversible but requiring medical attention, e.g. burn, broken joint. Minor Small cut, bruise, etc.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The next step is to consider how often people are exposed to the risk. Sugges- tions here are:<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Frequent Several times per day or shift. Occasional Once per day or shift.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Seldom Less than once per week.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Linked to this is how long the exposure lasts. Is the person exposed to danger for a few seconds per event or (as can occur with major maintenance work) several h? There may also be a need to consider the number of people who may be at risk, often a factor in petrochemical plants.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Where the speed of a machine or process is slow, or there is a lengthy and obvious (e.g. noisy) start-up, the exposed person can easily move out of danger in time. There is obviously less risk here than with a silent high-speed machine which can operate before the person can move. From studying the machine operation, the probability of injury in the event of failure of the safety system can be assessed as: <i>certain, probable, possible, unlikely.<\/i><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">From this study, the risk of each activity is classified. This classification will depend on the application. Some sources suggest applying a points scor- ing scheme to each of the factors above then using the total score to determine <i>high, medium <\/i>and <i>low <\/i>risks. Maximum possible loss (MPL), for example, uses a 50-point scale ranging from 1 for a minor scratch to 50 for a multi-fatality. This is combined with the frequency of the hazardous activity (F) and the probability of injury (again on a 1\u201350 scale) in the formula:<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Risk rating (RR) = F \u00d7 (MPL + P) The course of action is then based on the risk rating.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">An alternative and simpler (but less detailed approach) uses a table as in <\/font><font size=\"5\">Figure 9.1 from which the required action can be quickly read.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Safety-Fault-Finding-and-Maintenance.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"Safety, Fault-Finding and Maintenance\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Safety, Fault-Finding and Maintenance\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Safety-Fault-Finding-and-Maintenance_thumb.jpg\" width=\"395\" height=\"198\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Safety-Fault-Finding-and-Maintenance-0201.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"background-image: none; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; display: block; float: none; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px\" title=\"Safety, Fault-Finding and Maintenance-0201\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Safety, Fault-Finding and Maintenance-0201\" src=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Safety-Fault-Finding-and-Maintenance-0201_thumb.jpg\" width=\"403\" height=\"306\"><\/a><\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">There is, however, no single definitive method, but the procedure used must suit the application and be documented. The study and reduction of risks is the important aim of the activity.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The final stage is to devise methods of reducing the residual risk to an ac- ceptable level. These methods will include removal of risk by good design (e.g. removal of trap points), reduction of the risk at source (e.g. lowest possible speed and pressures, less hazardous material), containment by guarding, reducing exposure times, provision of personal protective equipment and establishing written safe working procedures which must be followed. The latter implies competent employees and training programs.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">There is a vast amount of legislation covering health and safety, and a list is given below of those which are commonly encountered in industry. It is by no means complete, and a fuller description of these, and other, legislation is given in the third edition of the author\u2019s <i>Industrial Control Handbook. <\/i>An even more detailed study can be found in <i>Safety at Work <\/i>by John Ridley, both books published by Butterworth-Heinemann.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><i><font size=\"5\">Commonly encountered safety legislation:<\/font><\/i> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (the prime UK legislation) Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1992 (PUWER) Manual Handling Regulations 1992 <\/font><font size=\"5\">Workplace Health, Safety and Welfare Regulations 1992 Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 1992 Display Screen Equipment Regulations 1992<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><i><font size=\"5\">(the previous six regulations are based on EC directives and are known collectively as \u2018the six pack\u2019) <\/font><\/i><font size=\"5\">Machinery Directive 2006\/42\/EC (see note below) <\/font><font size=\"5\">EN 286-1:1998 +A2:2005 Simple pressure vessels designed to contain air or nitrogen <\/font><font size=\"5\">BS EN574:1996 +A1:2008 Two handed control EMC Directive 1993 Electromagnetic interference Low Voltage Directive 73\/23\/EEC and 2006\/95\/EC <\/font><font size=\"5\">Safety of Fluid Power Systems, Hydraulics. EN982 1996 (see note below) Safety of Fluid Power Systems, Pneumatics. EN983 1996 (see note below) Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995 <\/font><font size=\"5\">Construction (Design and Management) Regulations (CDM) 1994 Electricity at Work Regulations 1990 <\/font><font size=\"5\">Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 1989 Noise at Work Regulations 1989 <\/font><font size=\"5\">Ionising Radiation Regulations 1985 Safety Signs and Signals Regulations 1996 <\/font><font size=\"5\">Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum Gas Regulations 1972 Fire Precautions Act 1971 <\/font><font size=\"5\">Safety Representative and Safety Committee Regulations 1977 Health and Safety Consultation with Employees Regulations 1996 Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 <\/font><font size=\"5\">Pressure Systems and Transportable Gas Containers Regulations 1989 <\/font><font size=\"5\">The Machinery Directive (formerly 98\/37\/EC) is implemented in the UK as the Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1998 and requires manufacturers of ready to use equipment, machine or plant to state the equipment meets all the Essential Health and Safety Requirements (ESHR) of the relevant directives and legislation. The manufacturer gives the equipment a CE conformity mark. Note that compliance is a lot more than assembling pre-made units which are individually CE marked; CE plus CE does not make CE. Generally the manufacturer will provide a file showing compliance and listing safety procedures, safe ways of working etc.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">The Health and Safety Executive website has many excellent publications which can be downloaded free as PDF files. The important EN982 and EN983 books and others can be found here:<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hse,gov.uk\/pubns\/\">http:\/\/www.hse,gov.uk\/pubns\/<\/a> <\/font><font size=\"5\">British Standards can also be found on the British Standards website:<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><a href=\"http:\/\/shop.bsifgroup.com\/\"><font size=\"5\">http:\/\/shop.bsifgroup.com\/<\/font><\/a> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">As hydraulic and pneumatic systems are nowadays invariably linked to programmable controllers (PLCs), the reader should also consult the occasional paper OP2 \u2018Microprocessors in Industry\u2019 published by the HSE in 1981 and the two later booklets \u2018Programmable Electronics Systems in Safety Related Applications\u2019, Book 1, an Introductory Guide and Book 2, General Techni- cal Guidelines, both published in 1987. These also can be found on the HSE website.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Electrical systems are generally recognized as being potentially lethal, and all organizations must, by law, have procedures for isolation of equipment, permits to work, safety notices and defined safe-working practices. Hydraulic and pneumatic systems are no less dangerous, but tend to be approached in a far more carefree manner. High-pressure air or oil released suddenly can reach an explosive veloc- ity and can easily maim, blind or kill. Unexpected movement of components such as cylinders can trap and crush limbs. Spilt hydraulic oil is very slippery, possibly leading to falls and injury. It follows that hydraulic and pneumatic systems should be treated with respect and maintained or repaired under well-defined procedures and safe-working practices as rigorous as those applied to electrical equipment.<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">Some particular points of note are:<\/font> <\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u2022 before doing <i>anything, <\/i>think of the implications of what you are about to do, and make sure anyone who could be affected knows of your intentions. Do not rush in, instead, <i>think<\/i>;<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u2022 anything that can move with changes in pressure as a result of your actions should be mechanically secured or guarded. Particular care should be taken with suspended loads. Remember that fail open valves will turn <i>on <\/i>when the system is depressurized;<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u2022 never disconnect pressurized lines or components. Isolate and lock-off relevant legs or depressurize the whole system (depending on the application). Apply safety notices and locks to inhibit operation by other people. Ideally the pump or compressor should be isolated and locked off at its MCC. En- sure accumulators in a hydraulic system are fully blown down. Even then, make the first disconnection circumspectly;<\/font><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u2022 in hydraulic systems, make prior arrangements to catch oil spillage (from a pipe replacement, say). Have containers, rags and so on ready and, as far as is possible, keep spillage off the floor. Clean up any spilt oil before leaving;<\/font><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u2022 where there is any electrical interface to a pneumatic or hydraulic system <\/font><font size=\"5\">(e.g. solenoids, pressure switches, limit switches) the control circuits should be isolated, not only to remove the risk of electric shock, but also to reduce the possibility of fire or accidental initiation of some electrical control sequence. Again, <i>think <\/i>how things interact;<\/font><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u2022 after the work is completed, leave the area tidy and clean. Ensure people know that things are about to move again. Check there is no one in dangerous areas and sign off all applied electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic isolation permits to work. Check for leaks and correct operation;<\/font> <\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><font size=\"5\">\u2022 many components contain springs under pressure. If released in an uncontrolled manner these can fly out at high speed, causing severe injury. Springs should be released with care. In many cases manufacturers supply special tools to contain the spring and allow gradual and safe decompression.<\/font><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>safety Most industrial plant has the capacity to maim or kill. It is therefore the responsibility of all people, both employers and employees, to ensure that no harm comes to any person as a result of activities on an industrial site. Not surprisingly, this moral duty is also backed up by legislation. It is interesting [&hellip;]<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/safety-fault-finding-and-maintenancesafety\/\" class=\"more-link\" >Continue reading&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1043"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1043"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1043\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1044,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1043\/revisions\/1044"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1043"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1043"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/machineryequipmentonline.com\/hydraulics-and-pneumatics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1043"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}