Meters used in troubleshooting
For troubleshooting electrical circuits and systems, the following meters are used depending on the requirements of the parameters to be measured or detected for faultfinding:
• Multi-range voltmeters
• Clip-around or clamp-on ammeters
• Electrostatic voltmeters (high-voltage measurements)
• Multimeter or volt-ohm-milli-ammeter (voltage, resistance, current, etc.)
• Thermocouple meters (indirect current measurement)
• True wattmeters (directly measurement of power in watts)
• Pseudo wattmeters
• Digital voltmeters
• Heterodyne wavemeter (analog measurement of frequency)
• Digital frequency meters
• Continuity testers
• Analog ohmmeters
• Digital ohmmeters
• Insulation testers
• Digital capacitance meters
• Q meter (measuring inductance and capacitance)
• Oscilloscope (measuring wave forms, amplitude, frequency, phase, etc.)
• Dip meter (radio frequencies)
• Logic level probe testers
• Logic analyzers (diagnosing logic systems problems)
• Spectrum analyzers.
Certain important meters from the above list are explained in detail in the following chapters as and when required.